Hubat
Hubat (Harari: ሆበት Hobät), also known as Hobat, or Kubat was a historical Muslim state located in present-day eastern Ethiopia.[1][2][3] Historically part of the Adal region alongside Gidaya and Hargaya states on the Harar plateau.[4] Hubat is today within a district known as Adare Qadima which includes Garamuelta and its surroundings in Oromia region.[5] The area is 30 km north west of Harar city at Hubeta, according to historian George Huntingford.[6][7] Trimingham locates it as the region between Harar and Jaldessa.[8] Archaeologist Timothy Insoll considers Harla town to be Hubat the capital of the now defunct Harla Kingdom.[9]
History
[edit]
According to Dr. Lapiso Delebo, Hubat was one of the Islamic states that had developed in the Horn of Africa from the ninth to fourteenth centuries.[10] In 1288 AD Sultan Wali Asma of the Ifat Sultanate invaded Hubat following collapse of the Makḥzūmī dynasty.[11][12] Hubat was also invaded by Ethiopian Emperor Amda Seyon in the early 1300s.[13] Hubat was an Ifat protectorate in the fourteenth century and an autonomous state within Adal Sultanate in the fifteenth century.[14]
According to Mohammed Hassen, Hubat was the stronghold of the Harla people and center of operations for fifteenth century Adal Emir Garad Abun Adashe.[15] A siege of Hubat took place in the early sixteenth century led by the Adal Sultan Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad against rebel leader Garad Umar Din.[16]
The sixteenth-century ruler of Adal who conquered Abyssinia, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, was born in Hubat.[17][18][19] In his early career Ahmed defeated an Abyssinian militia at the Battle of Hubat led by Degalhan a general of Emperor Dawit II.[20] Ahmed Ibrahim also achieved a second stunning victory over an Abyssinian raiding party led by Fanuel in Hubat which gained him fame.[21] Merid Wolde Aregay states the Hubat and Harla principalities demonstrated ability to defeat Abyssinians meant it was necessary to replace Sultan Badlay's descendants.[22] Hubat would later play an important role for Ahmad ibn Ibrahim in his struggle against Adal Sultan Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad.[23] According to sixteenth century Adal writer Arab Faqīh, the ruler of Hubat was Abu Bakr Qatin during the Ethiopian-Adal war.[24]
Hubat was invaded and settled by the Barento Oromo in the following centuries who came at loggerheads with the Adal Sultanate.[25] The Emirate of Harar the successor state of Adal would continue to influence the region as numerous Oromo people converted to Islam during the reign of emir Abd ash-Shakur and this trend even continued following the Abyssinian annexation of the region.[26]
Notable residents
[edit]- Ahmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, Emir/Imam of Adal Sultanate
- Abubaker Qecchin, general of the Adal Sultanate and chief of Hubat
See also
[edit]- Gidaya, neighboring state
References
[edit]- ^ Ogot, Bethwell (1992). Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. University of California Press. p. 711. ISBN 9780435948115.
- ^ Loimeier, Roman. Muslim Societies in Africa A Historical Anthropology. Indiana University Press. p. 184.
- ^ Ende, Werner. Islam in the World Today A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society. Cornell University Press. p. 436.
- ^ Braukamper, Ulrich (2002). Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Lit. p. 33. ISBN 9783825856717.
- ^ History of Harar (PDF). Harar Tourism Bureau. p. 50.
- ^ Huntingford, G.W.B (1955). ARABIC INSCRIPTIONS IN SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA. Antiquity Publications. p. 233.
- ^ Pankhurst, Richard. The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Red Sea Press. p. 165.
- ^ Trimingham, J.Spencer. Islam in Ethiopia (PDF). Routledge. p. 85.
- ^ Insoll, Timothy. "Material cosmopolitanism: the entrepot of Harlaa as an Islamic gateway to eastern Ethiopia". Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Dilebo, Lapiso (2003). An introduction to Ethiopian history from the Megalithism Age to the Republic, circa 13000 B.C. to 2000 A.D. Commercial Printing Enterprise.
- ^ Trimingham, John. Islam in Ethiopia. Oxford University Press. p. 58.
- ^ Cerulli, Enrico (1941). "Il Sultanato Dello Scioa Nel Secolo Xiii Secondo Un Nuovo Documento Storico". Rassegna di Studi Etiopici. 1 (1). Istituto per l'Oriente C. A. Nallino: 26. JSTOR 41460159.
- ^ Tamrat, Taddesse. Church and state (PDF). University of London. p. 254.
- ^ Braukamper, Ulrich. Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Lit. p. 33.
- ^ Hassan, Mohammed. Oromo of Ethiopia 1500 (PDF). University of London. p. 26.
- ^ Lindah, Bernhard. Local history of Ethiopia (PDF). Nordic Africa Institute library. p. 5.
- ^ Checkroun, Amelie. Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea. BRILL. p. 334.
- ^ Martin, Richard. Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World (PDF). Macmilian reference USA. p. 29.
- ^ Steed, Christopher. A history of the church in Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 74.
- ^ Tamrat, Tadesse. Church and state (PDF). University of London. p. 157.
- ^ Davis, Asa (1963). "THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY JIHĀD IN ETHIOPIA AND THE IMPACT ON ITS CULTURE (Part One)". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 2 (4): 572. JSTOR 41856679.
- ^ Aregay, Merid. Southern Ethiopia and the Christian kingdom 1508 - 1708, with special reference to the Galla migrations and their consequences. University of London. p. 126-128. Archived from the original on 2021-04-21. Retrieved 2021-07-19.
- ^ Shinn, David. Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia. Scarecrow Press. pp. 20–21.
- ^ Chekroun, Amélie. Le" Futuh al-Habasa" : écriture de l’histoire, guerre et société dans le Bar Sa’ad ad-din (Ethiopie, XVIe siècle). l’Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne. p. 423.
- ^ Braukamper, Ulrich. A History of the Hadiyya in Southern Ethiopia. Otto Harrassowitz. p. 149.
- ^ Caulk, R.A. (1977). "Harär Town and Its Neighbours in the Nineteenth Century". The Journal of African History. 18 (3). Cambridge University Press: 381. doi:10.1017/S0021853700027316. JSTOR 180638. S2CID 162314806.