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Motor vehicle

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The United States has the world's highest rate of vehicle ownership per capita in the world, with over 50,000 vehicles in operation (VIO) per 1000 people in 2016.[1]
Electric bicycles parked in Yangzhou's main street, Wenchang Lu. They are a very common way of transport in this city, in some areas almost outnumbering regular bicycles.
British manufacturer engine motorcycle

A motor vehicle, also known as a motorized vehicle, automotive vehicle, automobile, or road vehicle, is a self-propelled land vehicle, commonly wheeled, that does not operate on rails (such as trains or trams), does not fly (such as airplanes or helicopters), does not float on water (such as boats or ships), and is used for the transportation of people or cargo.

The vehicle propulsion is provided by an engine or motor, usually an internal combustion engine or an electric motor, or some combination of the two, such as hybrid electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids. For legal purpose, motor vehicles are often identified within a number of vehicle classes including cars, buses, motorcycles, off-road vehicles, light trucks and regular trucks. These classifications vary according to the legal codes of each country. ISO 3833:1977 is the standard for road vehicle types, terms and definitions.[2] Generally, to avoid requiring people with disabilities from having to possess an operator's license to use one, or requiring tags and insurance, powered wheelchairs will be specifically excluded by law from being considered motor vehicles.

As of 2011, there were more than one billion motor vehicles in use in the world, excluding off-road vehicles and heavy construction equipment.[3][4][5] The US publisher Ward's estimates that as of 2019, there were 1.4 billion motor vehicles in use in the world.[6]

Global vehicle ownership per capita in 2010 was 148 vehicles in operation (VIO) per 1000 people.[5] China has the largest motor vehicle fleet in the world, with 322 million motor vehicles registered at the end of September 2018.[7] The United States has the highest vehicle ownership per capita in the world, with 832 vehicles in operation per 1000 people in 2016.[1] Also, China became the world's largest new car market in 2009.[4][5][8] In 2022, a total of 85 million cars and commercial vehicles were built, led by China which built a total of 27 million motor vehicles.[9]

Definitions and terminology

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In 1968 the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic gave one of the first international definitions of a motor vehicle:

  • (o) “Power-driven vehicle” means any self-propelled road vehicle, other than a moped in the territories of Contracting Parties which do not treat mopeds as motorcycles, and other than a rail-borne vehicle;
  • (p) “Motor vehicle” means any power-driven vehicle which is normally used for carrying persons or goods by road or for drawing, on the road, vehicles used for the carriage of persons or goods. This term embraces trolley-buses, that is to say, vehicles connected to an electric conductor and not rail-borne. It does not cover vehicles, such as agricultural tractors, which are only incidentally used for carrying persons or goods by road or for drawing, on the road, vehicles used for the carriage of persons or goods
    — Vienna convention on road traffic

Other sources might provide other definitions, for instance in the year 1977, ISO 3833:1977 provide other definitions.

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Further information: List of countries and territories by motor vehicles per capita
Motor vehicle ownership per 1000 inhabitants in 2014
Trucks' share of U.S. vehicles produced, has tripled since 1975. Though vehicle fuel efficiency has increased within each category, the overall trend toward less efficient types of vehicles has offset some of the benefits of greater fuel economy and reduction of carbon dioxide emissions.[10] Without the shift towards SUVs, energy use per unit distance could have fallen 30% more than it did from 2010 to 2022.[11]

The U.S. publisher Ward's estimates that as of 2010, there were 1.015 billion motor vehicles in use in the world. This figure represents the number of cars, trucks (light, medium and heavy duty), and buses, but does not include off-road vehicles or heavy construction equipment. The world vehicle population passed the 500 million-unit mark in 1986, from 250 million motor vehicles in 1970. Between 1950 and 1970, the vehicle population doubled roughly every 10 years.[3][4][5] Navigant Consulting forecasts that the global stock of light-duty motor vehicles will reach 2 billion units in 2035.[12]

Global vehicle ownership in 2010 was 148 vehicles in operation per 1,000 people, a ratio of 1:6.75 vehicles to people, slightly down from 150 vehicles per 1,000 people in 2009, a rate of 1:6.63 vehicles to people.[5] The global rate of motorization increased in 2013 to 174 vehicles per 1000 people.[13] In developing countries vehicle ownership rates rarely exceed 200 cars per 1,000 population.[14]

The following table summarizes the evolution of motor vehicle registrations in the world from 1960 to 2019:

Historical trend of worldwide vehicle registrations
1960-2017 (thousands)[1][15][16][17][18][19][20]
Type of vehicle 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Car registrations(1) 98,305 193,479 320,390 444,900 548,558 617,914 723,567 931,260 973,353 1,015,643 1,042,274 1,083,528
Truck and bus registrations 28,583 52,899 90,592 138,082 203,272 245,798 309,395 332,434 348,919 356,044 389,174 406,770
World total 126,888 246,378 410,982 582,982 751,830 863,712 1,032,962 1,263,694 1,322,272 1,371,687 1,431,448 1,490,298
Note (1) Car registrations do not include U.S. light trucks (SUVs, minivan and pickups) that are used for personal travel. The US accounts these vehicles among trucks.
Alternative fuels and vehicle technology adoption
See also: Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles
Annual sales of plug-in passenger cars in the world's top markets between 2011 and 2023

Since the early 2000s, the number of alternative fuel vehicles has been increasing driven by the interest of several governments to promote their widespread adoption through public subsidies and other non-financial incentives. Governments have adopted these policies due to a combination of factors, such as environmental concerns, high oil prices, and less dependence on imported oil.[3][21][22]

Among the fuels other than traditional petroleum fuels (gasoline or diesel fuel), and alternative technologies for powering the engine of a motor vehicle, the most popular options promoted by different governments are: natural gas vehicles, LPG powered vehicles, flex-fuel vehicles, use of biofuels, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids, electric cars, and hydrogen fuel cell cars.[3]

Since the late 2000s, China, European countries, the United States, Canada, Japan and other developed countries have been providing strong financial incentives to promote the adoption of plug-in electric vehicle. As of 2020, the stock of light-duty plug-in vehicles in use totaled over 10 million units.[23][24] As of 2019, in addition, the medium and heavy commercial segments add another 700,000 units to the global stock of plug-in electric vehicles.[24] In 2020 the global market share of plug-in passenger car sales was 4.2%, up from 2.5% in 2019.[23] Nevertheless, despite government support and the rapid growth experienced, the plug-in electric car segment represented just about 1 out of every 250 vehicles (0.4%) on the world's roads by the end of 2018.[25]

China

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The People's Republic of China became the world's largest new car market in 2009.

The People's Republic of China had 322 million motor vehicles in use at the end of September 2018, of which, 235 million were passenger cars in 2018, making China the country with largest motor vehicle fleet in the world.[7] In 2016, the motor vehicle fleet consisted of 165.6 million cars and 28.4 million trucks and buses.[1] About 13.6 million vehicles were sold in 2009, and motor vehicle registrations in 2010 increased to more than 16.8 million units, representing nearly half the world's fleet increase in 2010.[4][5] Ownership per capita rose from 26.6 vehicles per 1000 people in 2006 to 141.2 in 2016.[1]

The stock of highway-legal plug-in electric or new energy vehicles in China totaled 2.21 million units by the end of September 2018, of which, 81% are all-electric vehicles. These figures include heavy-duty commercial vehicles such buses and sanitation trucks, which represent about 11% of the total stock.[26] China is also the world's largest electric bus market, reaching about 385,000 units by the end of 2017.[27][28]

The number of cars and motorcycles in China increased 20 times between 2000 and 2010.[29] This explosive growth has allowed China to become the world's largest new car market, overtaking the US in 2009.[4][8] Nevertheless, ownership per capita is 58 vehicles per 1000 people, or a ratio of 1:17.2 vehicles to people, still well below the rate of motorization of developed countries.[5]

United States

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Historical evolution of
vehicle ownership rates in the U.S.
(Selected years 1900–2016)[1]
Year Veh. per
1000 people		 Year Veh. per
1000 people		 Year Veh. per
1000 people
1900 0.11 1940 245.63 1990 773.4
1905 0.94 1945 221.80 2000 800.3
1910 5.07 1950 323.71 2005 837.3
1920 86.78 1960 410.37 2010 808.4
1930 217.34 1970 545.35 2015 821.5
1935 208.6 1980 710.71 2016 831.9

The United States has the second-largest fleet of motor vehicles in the world after China. As of 2016, had a motor vehicles stock of 259.14 million, of which, 246 million were light duty vehicles, consisting of 112.96 million passenger cars and 133 million light trucks (includes SUVs). A total of 11.5 million heavy trucks were registered at the end 2016[1] Vehicle ownership per capita in the U.S. is also the highest in the world, the U.S. Department of Energy (USDoE) reports a motorization rate of 831.9 vehicles in operation per 1000 people in 2016, or a ratio of 1:1.2 vehicles to people.[1]

According to USDoE, the rate of motorization peaked in 2007 at 844.5 vehicles per 1,000 people.[1] In terms of licensed drivers, as of 2009 the country had 1.0 vehicle for every licensed driver, and 1.87 vehicles per household.[30] Passenger car registrations in the United States declined -11.5% in 2017 and -12.8% in 2018.[31]

As of 2016, the stock of alternative fuel vehicles in the United States included over 20 million flex-fuel cars and light trucks, the world's second-largest flexible-fuel fleet in the world after Brazil.[32] However, actual use of ethanol fuel is significantly limited due to the lack of E85 refueling infrastructure.[33]

Regarding the electrified segment, the fleet of hybrid electric vehicles in the United States is the second largest in the world after Japan, with more than four million units sold through April 2016.[34] Since the introduction of the Tesla Roadster electric car in 2008, cumulative sales of highway legal plug-in electric vehicles in the United States passed one million units in September 2018.[35][36] The U.S. stock of plug-in vehicles is the second largest after China (2.21 million by September 2018).[26]

As of 2017, the country's fleet also includes more than 160,000 natural gas vehicles, mainly transit buses and delivery fleets.[37] Despite its relative small size, natural gas use accounted for about 52% of all alternative fuels consumed by alternative transportation fuel vehicles in the U.S. in 2009.[38]

Europe

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Historical evolution of the Norwegian plug-in electric car segment market share of new car sales and monthly records between 2011 and July 2024. Sources: Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) and Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian EV Association)

The 27 European Union (EU-27) member countries had a fleet of over 256 million in 2008, and passenger cars accounted for 87% of the union's fleet. The five largest markets, Germany (17.7%), Italy (15.4%), France (13.3%), the UK (12.5%), and Spain (9.5%), accounted for 68% of the region's total registered fleet in 2008.[39][40] The EU-27 member countries had in 2009 an estimated ownership rate of 473 passenger cars per 1000 people.[41]

According to Ward's, Italy had the second highest (after the U.S.) vehicle ownership per capita in 2010, with 690 vehicles per 1000 people.[5] Germany had a rate of motorization of 534 vehicles per 1000 people and the UK of 525 vehicles per 1000 people, both in 2008. France had a rate of 575 vehicles per 1000 people and Spain 608 vehicles per 1000 people in 2007.[42] Portugal, between 1991 and 2002 grew up 220% on its motorization rate, having had in 2002, 560 cars per 1000 people.[43]

Italy also leads in alternative fuel vehicles, with a fleet of 779,090 natural gas vehicles as of June 2012, the largest NGV fleet in Europe.[44] Sweden, with 225,000 flexible-fuel vehicles, has the largest flexifuel fleet in Europe by mid-2011.[45]

More than one million plug-in electric passenger cars and vans have been registered in Europe by June 2018,[46] the world's second largest regional plug-in stock after China.[47][48][49]

Norway is the leading plug-in market in Europe with almost 500,000 units registered as of December 2020.[50] In October 2018, Norway became the world's first country where 10% of all passenger cars on the road are plug-in electrics.[51][52] Also, the Norwegian plug-in car segment market share has been the highest in the world for several years, achieving 39.2% in 2017, 49.1% in 2018, and 74.7% in 2020.[53][54][55]

Japan

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Japan had 73.9 million vehicles by 2010, and had the world's second largest motor vehicle fleet until 2009.[5] As of 2016, the registered motor vehicle fleet totaled 75.81 million vehicles consisting of 61,40 million cars and 14,41 million trucks and buses.[1] Japan has the largest hybrid electric vehicle fleet in the world.[34] As of March 2018, there were 7.51 million hybrids registered in the country, excluding kei cars, and representing 19.0% of all passenger cars on the road.[56]

Brazil

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Historical trend of Brazilian production of light-duty vehicles by type of fuel: neat ethanol, flex fuel, and gasoline from 1979 to 2017.[57]

The Brazilian vehicle fleet reached 64.8 million vehicles in 2010, up from 29.5 million units in 2000, representing a 119% growth in ten years, and reaching a motorization rate of 340 vehicles per 1000 people.[58] In 2010 Brazil experienced the second largest fleet increase in the world after China, with 2.5 million vehicle registrations.[5]

As of 2018, Brazil has the largest alternative fuel vehicle fleet in the world with about 40 million alternative fuel motor vehicles in the road. The clean vehicle stock includes 30.5 million flexible-fuel cars and light utility vehicles and over 6 million flex-fuel motorcycles by March 2018;[59] between 2.4 and 3.0 million neat ethanol vehicles still in use,[60][61] out of 5.7 million ethanol only light-vehicles produced since 1979;[62] and, as of December 2012, a total of 1.69 million natural gas vehicles.[44]

In addition, all the Brazilian gasoline-powered fleet is designed to operate with high ethanol blends, up to 25% ethanol fuel (E25).[63][64][65] The market share of flex fuel vehicles reached 88.6% of all light-duty vehicles registered in 2017.[59]

India

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India's vehicle fleet had the second-largest growth rate after China in 2010, with 8.9%. The fleet went from 19.1 million in 2009 to 20.8 million units in 2010.[5] India's vehicle fleet has increased to 210 million in March 2015.[66] India has a fleet of 1.1 million natural gas vehicles as of December 2011 .[44]

Australia

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As of January 2011, the Australian motor vehicle fleet had 16.4 million registered vehicles, with an ownership rate of 730 motor vehicles per 1000 people, up from 696 vehicles per 1000 residents in 2006. The motor vehicle fleet grew 14.5% since 2006, for an annual rate of 2.7% during this five-year period.[67]

Motorization rates by region and selected country

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The following table compares vehicle ownership rates by region with the United States, the country with one of the highest motorization rates in the world, and how it has evolved from 1999 to 2016.

Comparison of motorization rates by region
and selected country (1999 and 2016)
(vehicles per 1,000 people)
Country or region 1999[68] 2006[1] 2016[1]
Africa 20.9 25.2 38.9
Asia – Far East 39.1 49.7 105.6
Asia – Middle East 66.2 99.8 147.4
Brazil 107.5 129.0 209.3
Canada 560.0 599.6 686.3
Central and South America 133.6 102.4 174.7
China 10.2 26.6 141.2
Europe – Eastern Europe 370.0 254.4 362.1
Europe – Western Europe 528.8 593.7 606.0
India 8.3 11.6 36.3
Indonesia 13.7 31.7 87.2
Pacific 513.9 524.7 634.9
United States 790.1 840.7 831.9

Production by country

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Main article: List of countries by motor vehicle production

In 2017, a total of 97.3 million cars and commercial vehicles were built worldwide, led by China, with about 29 million motor vehicles manufactured, followed by the United States with 11.2 million, and Japan with 9.7 million.[69] The following table shows the top 15 manufacturing countries for 2017 and their corresponding annual production between 2004 and 2017.

Annual motor vehicle production by country
Top 15 countries 2017[69]
World
rank
2017		 Country 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004
1 China 29,015,434 28,118,794 24,503,326 23,722,890 22,116,825 19,271,808 18,418,876 18,264,761 13,790,994 9,299,180 8,882,456 7,188,708 5,717,619 5,234,496
2 United States 11,189,985 12,198,137 12,100,095 11,660,699 11,066,432 10,335,765 8,661,535 7,743,093 5,709,431 8,672,141 10,780,729 11,263,986 11,946,653 11,989,387
3 Japan 9,693,746 9,204,590 9,278,238 9,774,558 9,630,181 9,943,077 8,398,630 9,628,920 7,934,057 11,575,644 11,596,327 11,484,233 10,799,659 10,511,518
4 Germany 5,645,581 6,062,562 6,033,164 5,907,548 5,718,222 5,649,260 6,146,948 5,905,985 5,209,857 6,045,730 6,213,460 5,819,614 5,757,710 5,569,954
5 India 4,782,896 4,488,965 4,125,744 3,840,160 3,898,425 4,174,713 3,927,411 3,557,073 2,641,550 2,332,328 2,253,729 2,019,808 1,638,674 1,511,157
6 South Korea 4,114,913 4,228,509 4,555,957 4,524,932 4,521,429 4,561,766 4,657,094 4,271,741 3,512,926 3,826,682 4,086,308 3,840,102 3,699,350 3,469,464
7 Mexico 4,068,415 3,597,462 3,565,469 3,365,306 3,054,849 3,001,814 2,681,050 2,342,282 1,561,052 2,167,944 2,095,245 2,045,518 1,684,238 1,577,159
8 Spain 2,848,335 2,885,922 2,733,201 2,402,978 2,163,338 1,979,179 2,373,329 2,387,900 2,170,078 2,541,644 2,889,703 2,777,435 2,752,500 3,012,174
9 Brazil 2,699,672 2,156,356 2,429,463 3,146,118 3,712,380 3,402,508 3,407,861 3,381,728 3,182,923 3,215,976 2,977,150 2,611,034 2,530,840 2,317,227
10 France 2,227,000 2,082,000 1,970,000 1,817,000 1,740,000 1,967,765 2,242,928 2,229,421 2,047,693 2,568,978 3,015,854 3,169,219 3,549,008 3,665,990
11 Canada 2,199,789 2,370,271 2,283,474 2,393,890 2,379,834 2,463,364 2,135,121 2,068,189 1,490,482 2,082,241 2,578,790 2,572,292 2,687,892 2,711,536
12 Thailand 1,988,823 1,944,417 1,915,420 1,880,007 2,457,057 2,429,142 1,457,798 1,644,513 999,378 1,393,742 1,287,346 1,194,426 1,122,712 927,981
13 United Kingdom 1,749,385 1,816,622 1,682,156 1,598,879 1,597,872 1,576,945 1,463,999 1,393,463 1,090,139 1,649,515 1,750,253 1,648,388 1,803,109 1,856,539
14 Turkey 1,695,731 1,485,927 1,358,796 1,170,445 1,125,534 1,072,978 1,189,131 1,094,557 869,605 1,147,110 1,099,413 987,780 879,452 823,408
15 Russia 1,551,293 1,303,989 1,384,399 1,886,646 2,184,266 2,233,103 1,990,155 1,403,244 725,012 1,790,301 1,660,120 1,508,358 1,354,504 1,386,127
World total 97,302,534 94,976,569 90,780,583 89,747,430 87,507,027 84,236,171 79,880,920 77,583,519 61,762,324 70,729,696 73,266,061 69,222,975 66,719,519 64,496,220

See also

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References

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