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Revolut

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Revolut Group Holdings Ltd.
Company typePrivate
IndustryFinancial technology
Founded1 July 2015; 9 years ago (2015-07-01)
Founders
HeadquartersLondon, England
Area served
United Kingdom, European Economic Area, Switzerland, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Singapore, United States, Brazil
Key people
Productscurrent accounts, debit cards, stock trading, personal loan, foreign exchange, insurance, BNPL, Business account
ServicesPeer-to-peer payments, currency exchange
RevenueIncrease £1.8 billion (2023)[1]
Increase £438 million (2023)[1]
Increase £344 million (2023)[1]
Total assetsIncrease £17.4 billion (2023)[1]
Number of employees
8,152[1] (2023)
Websiterevolut.com

Revolut Group Holdings Ltd, doing business as Revolut,[2] is a British multinational neobank and fintech company that offers banking services for individuals and businesses.[3] The company was founded in July 2015 by British-Russian businessman Nikolay Storonsky and British-Ukrainian software engineer Vlad Yatsenko and operates in 48+ countries.[4] It is one of the most popular online banks in Europe.[5]

The bank offers free and subscription-based digital banking services, primarily through a mobile app. Features include domestic and international bank transfers, pre-paid debit cards, a stock and cryptocurrency exchange, as well as other features such as savings accounts and loans.[6][7]

Revolut has been subject to criticism and many controversies in the past, such as issues with customer support and long-lasting lockouts,[8] as well as anti-money laundering compliance failures,[9] lack of support for defrauded customers,[10][11] and even claims of ties to the russian government[12] which the company strongly denied.[13]

The company achieved unicorn status in April 2018, after receiving €205 million in investments during Series C round funding, which valued the company at over €1.4 billion.[14]

History

[edit]

Early History (2015–2017)

[edit]

Revolut was founded on the 1st of July 2015 by Nikolay Storonsky and Vlad Yatsenko, offering customers in the United Kingdom and European Economic Area (EEA) a smartphone app linked to a pre-paid Mastercard to spend money abroad using interbank foreign exchange rate.[15][16] Customers could then spend their money across 90 countries while abroad.[17][15] According to the company, this allowed for the best possible exchange rates. They also said their vision was to build a payments platform that enable customers and merchants to make low-cost instant payments and marketing platform.[18][19] The company was originally based in Level39, a financial technology incubator in Canary Wharf, London.[20]

By 2016, Revolut had around 300,000 users who had transacted almost £1 billion.[21] In 2017, the company released its Revolut for Business app.[22] After creating an account, users could hold, exchange or transfer money from 25 currencies. Business users also had access to real-time spending notifications and data analysis alerts.[22]

EU banking license and international expansion (2018–2021)

[edit]

In December 2018, Revolut secured a specialised bank licence from the European Central Bank, facilitated by the Bank of Lithuania, authorising it to accept deposits and offer consumer credits, but not to provide investment services. At the same time, an Electronic Money Institution licence was also issued by the Bank of Lithuania.[23][24]

In July 2019, Revolut launched commission-free stock trading on the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq, initially for customers in its Metal plan.[25] This was subsequently made available to all users.[26]

In 2019, Revolut announced deals with Visa and Mastercard.[27][28] Through its Mastercard partnership, the company expanded into the U.S., and the deal with Visa saw Revolut expand into 24 new markets and hire an additional 3,500 people.[27][28] In October, Singapore became the company's first Asian market.[29]

In June 2019, Revolut expanded to Australia, the company's first expansion outside of Europe.[30] In March 2020, Revolut was launched in the United States.[31] In August, the company launched its financial app in Japan.[32]

By November 2020, Revolut was breaking even; with a £4.2 billion valuation, it became the UK's most valuable fintech company.[33] An $800 million funding round in July 2021 brought the company's valuation to $33 billion, being followed by a secondary share sale at a $45 billion valuation in 2024, making it the most valuable UK tech startup at the time. The European Central Bank granted the company a full banking licence in December 2021, and it is available in 30 countries.[34][35] In 2023, customer deposits at Revolut reached £15.1 billion.[36][37][38][39][40][41]

In January 2021, the company announced that it had applied for a UK banking licence.[42][43] In March 2021, Revolut applied for a bank charter in the US via applications with the FDIC and the California Department of Financial Protection.[44]

Since 2022

[edit]

In January 2022, Revolut launched as a bank (instead of an e-money institution) in 10 additional European countries: Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Spain, and Sweden.[45]

In September 2022, Revolut was targeted by a cyberattack. An unauthorised third party obtained access to a small percentage (0.16%) of customer details for a short period. No funds were accessed or stolen.[46][47] In the same month, The UK's Financial Conduct Authority added Revolut to its list of companies authorized to offer cryptocurrency products and services; it had offered crypto trading since 2017 but had not been regulated.[48]

Ultra was launched in 2023 and is Revolut's top-tier membership for users in the UK and EEA.[49] The plan includes Revolut's best rates and lowest fees across savings, FX, stocks, unlimited airport lounge access, cancellation for any reason insurance as well as subscriptions to Financial Times, ClassPass, Wework, NordVPN and more.[49]

In January 2023, Revolut announced it would transfer its 2 million Irish customers to a new Irish branch and move these customers from Lithuanian IBANs to Irish IBANs, in a bid to compete with the remaining incumbent banks following the exit of RBS and KBC Bank from Ireland.[50] In 2023 Revolut also launched IBANs in France, Netherlands and Spain.[51]

Revolut accounts began allowing staking for holders of proof-of-stake cryptocurrencies in the UK and European Economic Area in 2023.[48] The ability to delegate stake and earn rewards for helping to maintain a blockchain is part of proof-of-stake blockchains Cardano (ADA), Ether (ETH), Polkadot (DOT), and Tezos (XTZ).[52]

Although it was reported in May 2023 that the UK's Prudential Regulation Authority was poised to reject Revolut's application for a banking licence in the UK,[53] this was granted on 25 July 2024[54]

In July 2023, the Financial Times reported that Revolut had lost $20 million to organized criminal groups due to a flaw in its US payment system between late 2021 and early 2022.[55] The issue affected the company's corporate funds and not customer accounts; some of the money was recouped.[55]

In August 2023, Revolut announced that they would stop offering cryptocurrency trading services to their US customers due to the "evolving regulatory environment" as the Securities and Exchange Commission intensified regulations regarding certain crypto assets and platforms.[56]

In October 2023, Revolut expanded its commission-free stock trading with the ability to buy and sell European company stocks in Euro. This was made available to all users based within the European Economic Area (EEA).[57][58][59]

As of June 2024, Revolut has reached 45 million customers globally.[60] In August, the company was seen to be preparing for a potential IPO on the Nasdaq in the United States with an expected valuation of approximately £45 billion although UK politicians were said to be pushing for a London listing.[61]

As of June 2024, Revolut more than doubled its headcount in two years, employing over 8,000 people in more than 25 countries.[62] Revolut Bank UAB, the firm's European Economic Area subsidiary, is licensed and regulated by the European Central Bank within the European Union, and depositors' money is protected through deposit insurance, insured by the Lithuanian State Company Deposit and Investment Insurance.[63] After a three-year wait, Revolut was granted a British banking licence in July 2024, though with restrictions via the standard "mobilisation" stage.[64]

In October 2024, a report found that Revolut was named in more fraud complaints in the UK than any major bank in the country, sparking a debate on the effectiveness of its security controls.[65][66][67]

As of November 2024, Revolut has reached 50 million customers globally.[68]

Funding

[edit]

The company raised £6.5 million ($8.5 million) in a Series A funding round in 2016. An additional £17 million was raised on an equity crowdfunding site.[69] A year later, $66 million was raised in a Series B funding round. Index Ventures, Balderton Capital, and Ribbit Capital all participated.[70]

On 26 April 2018, Revolut raised $250 million in Series C funding.[71] It had a post-funding valuation of US$1.7 billion, making it a unicorn.[71] In February 2020, Revolut completed a Series D funding round of $580 million that more than trebled its value, valuing the company at £4.2 billion and becoming the United Kingdom's most valuable financial technology startup.[72][73]

In July 2021, Revolut's Series E raised US$800 million from investors, including SoftBank Group and Tiger Global Management, at a US$33 billion valuation.[74][40] This made Revolut the leading European start up in terms of valuation.[75]

As of June 2023, Revolut has raised $1.7 billion in total funding.[74]

In August 2024, Revolut announced a secondary share sale that valued the company at $45 billion, up from its previous valuation of $33 billion in 2021.[37]

Services

[edit]

Personal and business banking

[edit]

Revolut offers banking services including GBP and EUR bank accounts, debit cards, credit cards, currency exchange, stock trading, cryptocurrency exchange and peer-to-peer payments.[76] Revolut's mobile app supports spending and ATM withdrawals in 120 currencies and transfers in 36 currencies directly from the app.[77] Revolut's credit card is available in Poland, Lithuania, the United States, and Ireland.[78]

Revolut also provides customers access to cryptocurrencies by exchanging with 25 fiat currencies.[79] A fee of 1.49% for buying or selling applies. Crypto cannot be deposited or spent, only converted back to fiat inside Revolut. Additionally, Revolut banks with Metropolitan Commercial Bank[80] of New York, which does not allow the transfer of fiat money to or from cryptocurrency exchanges.

Retail App

[edit]

Users with a personal Revolut account have access to services in some markets including payments and cards, savings, credit, investment and trading, cryptocurrency trading, multi currency accounts, shared accounts, premium lifestyle features and donations.[81]

Protection of funds

[edit]

Revolut is compliant with the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS), which ensures end-to-end security of information and protection of funds.[82] The standards are internationally recognized regulations set to protect cardholder data.[83]

Revolut Bank

[edit]

Revolut Bank UAB, licensed by the European Central Bank, provides deposit account services in 30 EEA markets. Customers in those markets have access to deposit protection of up to €100,000 to their accounts for free. This is covered by the Lithuanian State company Deposit and Investment Insurance.[84]

Revolut Ltd

[edit]

As an electronic money institution, Revolut protects funds via Safeguarding.[85] Using this process, funds are held at partner banks where they receive the safeguards provided by banking institutions.[85] Revolut will soon be able to directly take customer deposits as part of the FSCS scheme following its approval for a UK banking licence.

UK fraud victims

[edit]

Although Revolut originally applied for a UK banking licence in 2021, it was only granted one in July 2024.[64] Prior to having a banking license, Revolut was not a bank and not a signatory to the Contingent Reimbursement Model Scheme. This means it was not obliged to reimburse many who would be eligible under the code.[86][87] In 2023, the company reported a 35% reduction to authorised push payments (APP) fraud.[88] However, the number of complaints of fraud reported to Action Fraud, the UK reporting centre for fraud and cybercrime, by Revolut customers rose from 567 in February 2023 to 1,086 for February 2024.[89]

Prior to Revolut having a banking license, complaints were made by defrauded Revolut customers to the Financial Ombudsman, who in some cases required Revolut to reimburse and compensate victims, and remove fraud markers wrongly placed against the individuals.[90]

Many financial service customers in the UK have been subject to fraud, but Revolut has been involved in more cases than any major High Street bank, and has a reputation for not reimbursing victims, which full banks are more likely to do. ActionFraud received 10,000 reports of fraud naming Revolut in 2023, 2,000 more than Barclays, one of the UK's largest banks, and twice as many as a competitor bank of similar size to Revolut. That year over 3,500 complaints about Revolut were made to the ombudsman, more than any other financial institution. Consumer organization Which? did not recommend banking large sums of money with Revolut, saying "They have a track record of not reimbursing people who fall victim to fraud or find themselves in this incredibly difficult situation, [and] of money being taken from accounts even after scam activity has been reported."[91]

Criticism

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Employment practices

[edit]

In March 2019, Wired published an exposé of the company's employment practices and work culture. This found evidence of unpaid work, high staff turnover and employees feeling the need to work weekends in order to meet performance indicators.[92] A later article in December 2019 by Sifted noted that Revolut had a higher rating than its peers on Glassdoor.[93]

In June 2020, Wired published a further exposé of Revolut's dismissal of employees during the COVID-19 pandemic, in which employees, particularly in Kraków, were given the choice of being terminated for underperformance or a mutual agreement to leave the company voluntarily, in order to reduce the headline number of 62 redundancies announced by Revolut. The report said "Current and former Revolut employees say staff were coerced into accepting terminations, even though the company had no legal grounds to fire them" and that employees in Porto were pressured into agreeing to a salary sacrifice scheme in order to keep their jobs.[94] According to Wired, in a message sent to the 495-strong customer support team on Slack soon after the salary sacrifice scheme was announced, head of Support Inna Grynova urged them to participate.

Automated suspension of accounts (2020)

[edit]

Revolut, in common with traditional financial institutions, uses algorithms to identify money laundering, fraud and other criminal activity. Under certain anti-money laundering legislation, if suspicious activities are being investigated, bank staff are not allowed to tell customers why their accounts have been frozen.[95]

It has been reported since 2020 that Revolut's algorithms suspended accounts for weeks or months at a time after unusual activity was detected.[96][97] Revolut's policies require customers whose accounts were suspended to request a resolution via in-app chat support.[98][97][96] Revolut said that "the system is programmed to temporarily lock an account and place it in a queue, until one of our compliance agents can review the case".[99]

In February 2020, The Daily Telegraph reported that Revolut suspended an account containing £90,000 for more than two months[100] and that another customer travelled 500 miles from Auvergne in France to Revolut's London offices in an unsuccessful attempt to recover £15,000 in an account that Revolut had frozen with no justification given.[101] The account was later closed and the money in it returned to the customer's other bank accounts.[101]

Also in February 2020, The Times reported that Revolut suspended and later closed a business account containing €300,000 belonging to Priorité Energie, an energy transition start-up company, preventing the company from paying its staff.[102] Revolut publicly apologised and eventually rectified the problem.[102]

There were further reports in 2021 of Revolut withholding clients' funds.[103]

See also

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References

[edit]
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