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Communist League of West Germany

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Not to be confused with Communist League (West Germany) or League of West German Communists.
Front cover of the Kommunistische Volkszeitung, newspaper of the Communist League of West Germany from 1974

The Communist League of West Germany[1] (Kommunistischer Bund Westdeutschland; KBW) was a Maoist organization in West Germany which existed from 1973 until 1985. The KBW contested the general elections in 1976 and 1980 in West Germany and was rated as the strongest of the German Maoist parties from 1974 until 1981. After 1982 the KBW was virtually inactive and was finally dissolved completely in 1985.

A number of the former KBW members became more conserservative politicians ("Realos") at The Greens: Reinhard Bütikofer, Winfried Kretschmann, Ursula Lötzer, Krista Sager, Ralf Fücks und Ulla Schmidt.

History

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KBW flag at a 1976 demonstration

The KBW was formed at a conference held in Bremen in June 1973 as a fusion of various local communist groups from Heidelberg,[2] Bremen,[3] Göttingen,[4] Freiburg[5] etc. At its inaugural conference the KBW adopted a programme advocating the revolutionary overthrow of capitalism and the bourgeois state and the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat in order to achieve a classless society and communism.[6] In its programme the KBW demanded the arming of the people (”Allgemeine Volksbewaffnung“).

One of the main efforts of the KBW was the struggle against the Bundeswehr (Federal Armed Forces). It organized youth camps dedicated to ideological and practical training for the revolutionary struggle. Members of the KBW participated in violent demonstrations against nuclear power plants in West Germany (Brokdorf, Grohnde).[citation needed]

On September 21, 1975, the KBW and his Committees against § 218 organized a demonstration of 25,000 people in Bonn against the German law prohibiting abortion.[citation needed]

The KBW contested the general elections in 1976 and 1980 and several state (German Bundesland) and local elections. The organization obtained 20,018 votes or 0,1% in the 1976 elections[7] (8,285 votes 1980). It won one seat in the Heidelberg city council in 1975 which was lost later. Strongholds of the KBW were university towns.

The KBW headquarters moved from Mannheim to Frankfurt am Main in April 1977. When the Minister-President of Lower Saxony, Ernst Albrecht, proposed a ban on three maoist groups in 1977,[8] KBW, the maoist Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD/AO) and the Communist Party of Germany/Marxist-Leninist (KPD/ML) demonstrated together in Bonn with about 16,000 supporters.[citation needed]

The Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) was supported in its armed struggle by contributions from the KBW.[9] ZANU politicians Ndabaningi Sithole, Robert Mugabe and Edgar Tekere visited West Germany several times at invitation of the KBW.[citation needed]

The organization split in the summer of 1980 when about a quarter of the membership formed the League of West German Communists (Bund Westdeutscher Kommunisten; BWK), which continued to work on the basis of the KBW programme of 1973.[citation needed]

In 1982, the KBW abandoned its objective of establishing the dictatorship of the proletariat and started to infiltrate The Greens (Die Grünen).[10] The official weekly KVZ and the theoretical organ KuK ceased publication at the end of 1982. Their successor, the monthly Kommune, was no longer a KBW magazine.[citation needed]

Structure

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The organizational principle of the KBW was democratic centralism. Since 1977 the organization was divided into three regional (Nord, Mitte, Süd) and 40 district units. It had in the beginning a 13-member (later expanded) Central Committee and a five-member Standing Committee (Ständiger Ausschuss).[citation needed]

The KBW had 900 members in 1973 and about 5,000 (with affiliated organizations) in 1977. Membership declined later due to the high demands the party made on their members, lack of success and the dramatic changes in the politics of the People's Republic of China.[citation needed]

Secretary of the Central Committee's Standing Committee from 1973 until 1982 was Joscha Schmierer.[citation needed]

Activity

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For a KBW activist, a normal week looked as follows: Monday from 5.30am-7.30am the selling of the weekly Communist Peoples Newspaper (KVZ) in front of a factory gate or at the railway station, followed by a branch meeting on Monday evening. Tuesday started early again with KVZ sales, as did Wednesday. On Wednesday evening there was usually a training course based on an article from the theoretical organ "Communism and Class Struggle". On Saturday there was various public activity (mostly information stands with newspaper sales), and the whole of Sunday was devoted to the study of Marxist-Leninist classics. On free afternoons leaflets were distributed and more extensive training courses took place.[citation needed]

Electoral work

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The KBW also took part in elections. In general elections, the KBW only got around 0.1 percent of the votes. More important was the actual number of people voting for the KBW (20,018). This gave a relative good indication of how many people of the time actually approved of the violent overthrow of the capitalist system.[citation needed] Other smaller revolutionary parties also got about 25,000 votes at this time (1976).[citation needed]

The KBW had its biggest success in the communal elections of Baden-Württemberg on April 20, 1975, when they received 83,418 out of 2,316,648 (3.6%) votes in the university city of Heidelberg (German municipal elections use panachage or cumulative voting). It went largely unnoticed by the local newspaper Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung (RNZ), only a statement by one candidate - "KBW for armed subversion" (KBW für bewaffneten Umsturz) caused a major stir.[11] Helga Rosenbaum, a 32-year old chemical laboratory technician, received about 6,000 votes, as KBW voters made ample use of the opportunity to cast and accumulate votes, and thus was elected to the Heidelberg city council. Already at the council's first meeting, RNZ reported "tumult at the pledge in the town hall", when she refused to take an oath to uphold the German constitution's Liberal democratic basic order.[12] In her capacity as a city councillor, she called for demonstrations against fare increases on the municipal transport company Heidelberger Straßen- und Bergbahn, as well as for the violent overthrow of the Federal Republic. She had to be expelled from the council meetings several times for disruption, and had criminal charges filed against her for various offenses, such as calling Heidelberg's Lord Mayor Reinhold Zundel (SPD) a "friend of American war criminals" ("Freund der amerikanischen Kriegsverbrecher") and a "symbol of perfidy and exploitation" ("Symbol der Niedertracht und Ausbeutung").[13][14]

Rosenbaum attempted to run in the May 9, 1976, mayoral election, but was disqualified by the municipal election committee on April 26, 1976, because she made no secret of the fact that she did not support the liberal-democratic basic order, which however, is a requirement under Section 46 of Baden-Württemberg municipal code.[15] On September 16, 1976, she was expelled from this body by a unanimous vote of other parties.[16][17] Her seat remained vacant, and was then gradually taken by other KBW candidates, who caused similar disruptions.[18][19] She then left Heidelberg for party's northern regional leadership in Hanover. While there, she was arrested for trespassing and insulting the state, and sentenced to two years and ten months imprisonment at the women's penitentiary in Vechta at the beginning of 1980. While incarcerated, she was included on KBW's Lower Saxony state list at 1980 federal elections, but was not granted leave, as the prison enforcement chamber feared she would misuse her release from prison or leave to commit crimes.[20][21][22]

Finances

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Contrary to most political parties, KBW had no major financial problems, with KVZ and other publications giving the party a healthy income. Another important factor was financial contributions from party members. There were no set party dues as such, rather, in each cell it was specified, what the individual member had to pay. Members in employment generally contributed one-third of their income. Added to that were the various donations that came in. Individual members brought in entire fortunes and inheritances. In the mid-1970s annual contributions and donations amounted to around 5 million DM and the income from the sales of the various publications was a further 2 million DM.[citation needed]

Orientation

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The KBW subscribed to the ideas of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin and Mao Zedong, whose writings were distributed through KBW bookshops (or later party offices). It sided with the politics of the Chinese Communist Party until 1980. Condolences [23] and greetings[24] of KBW secretary Hans-Gerhart "Joscha" Schmierer were published frequently since 1976 in the Peking Review (later Beijing Review). It sent delegations to China several times[25] and to the Democratic Kampuchea of Pol Pot in late 1978.[citation needed]

Party slogan

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Vorwärts im Kampf für die Rechte der Arbeiterklasse und des Volkes - Vorwärts im Kampf für den Sieg des Sozialismus (Forward in the struggle for the rights of the working class and the people - Forward in the struggle for the victory of socialism)[citation needed]

Affiliated organizations

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  • Gesellschaft zur Unterstützung der Volkskämpfe, (GUV), (Society for Support of People's Struggles) for intellectuals
  • Komitees und Initiativen gegen den § 218 (Committees against the [German abortion law] § 218)
  • Kommunistische Hochschulgruppe (KHG), Kommunistischer Studentenbund (KSB) for university students
  • Kommunistischer Jugendbund (KJB), the 1976 merger of Kommunistische Schülergruppe (KSG), Kommunistischer Oberschülerbund (KOB) and Kommunistischer Arbeiterjugendbund (KAJB), for young people
  • Soldaten- und Reservisten Komitees (SRK), (Soldiers' and Reservists' Committees) for the antimilitaristic struggle
  • Vereinigung für revolutionäre Volksbildung - Soldaten und Reservisten (Association of revolutionary People's education - Soldiers and Reservists) was the 1979 merger of GUV, § 218 Komitees and SRK following the substantial membership losses in the auxiliary organizations of the KBW

Publications

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  • Kommunistische Volkszeitung [Communist Peoples Newspaper], KVZ, 1973, July — 1982, biweekly, later weekly official organ of KBW central committee
  • Kommunismus und Klassenkampf [Communism and Class Struggle], KuK, 1972 — 1982, monthly theoretical organ
  • Kommune, 1983, January ff., monthly (individual editors)
  • Programme of the Kommunistischer Bund Westdeutschland, Mannheim 1975 (English translation of Programm und Statut des Kommunistischen Bundes Westdeutschland, 1973)

Former members of the KBW

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Literature

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  • Verfassungsschutzbericht, issues 1973 until 1985
  • Yearbook on International Communist Affairs, ed. by Hoover Institution, 1973 ff.
  • Political parties of the world; Compiled and edited by Alan J. Day and Henry W. Degenhardt, Harlow: Longman, 1980 (p. 126)
  • Ulrich Probst: The communist parties in the Federal Republic of Germany, Frankfurt/Main: Haag + Herchen, 1981 (German: Die kommunistischen Parteien in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland)) ISBN 3-88129-451-1
  • Communist and Marxist parties of the world; comp. and written by Charles Hobday, Harlow: Longman, 1986 (pp. 71–72)
  • Robert J. Alexander: Maoism in the developed world; Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2001 (pp. 84–86)

References

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  1. ^ Alternative translations of ”Bund“ are Association, Federation, Union
  2. ^ Kommunistische Gruppe (Neues Rotes Forum), KG (NRF)
  3. ^ Kommunistischer Bund Bremen, KBB
  4. ^ Kommunistischer Bund Göttingen
  5. ^ Bund Kommunistischer Arbeiter, BKA
  6. ^ See: Programme of the Kommunistischer Bund Westdeutschland
  7. ^ 21,414 first ballot votes
  8. ^ German ban proposed on three groups, in: The Times, Sep 27, 1977; pg. 5
  9. ^ Motto: Gewehre für die Jugend Zimbabwes (Rifles for the youth of Zimbabwe)
  10. ^ Andreas Kühn: Stalins Enkel, Maos Söhne : die Lebenswelt der K-Gruppen in der Bundesrepublik der 70er Jahre. Campus Verlag. Frankfurt. 2005. p. 302ff.
  11. ^ Rhein-Neckar Zeitung, No. 68. March 22–23, 1975. p. 4.
  12. ^ Rhein-Neckar Zeitung, No. 116. May 23, 1975. p. 3.
  13. ^ "Heidelberg: KBW-Stadträtin angeklagt" [Heidelberg: KBW city councillor indicted]. Berliner Extra-Dienst (in German). Vol. X, no. 9. January 30, 1976. p. 8.
  14. ^ "Heidelberg: Geldstrafe für KBW-Stadträtin" [Heidelberg: KBW city councillor fined]. Berliner Extra-Dienst (in German). Vol. XI, no. 8. January 28, 1977. pp. 6–7.
  15. ^ "Heidelberg: KBW-Kandidatin für OB-Wahlen nicht zugelassen" [Heidelberg: KBW candidate not admitted for mayoral elections]. Berliner Extra-Dienst (in German). Vol. X, no. 38. May 18, 1976. p. 6.
  16. ^ Intercontinental Press Vol. 14, No 41 of November 1, 1976 p. 1572
  17. ^ "Heidelberg praktiziert bisher einmalige Aberkennung der Bürgerrechte für KBW-Mitglied" [Heidelberg practices unprecedented revocation of civil rights for KBW member]. Berliner Extra-Dienst (in German). Vol. X, no. 11. February 8, 1977. p. 5.
  18. ^ "Notizen aus der Provinz. Vereidigt oder nicht" [Notes from the province. Sworn in or not]. Berliner Extra-Dienst (in German). Vol. XI, no. 17. March 1, 1977. p. 12.
  19. ^ "Verwaltungsgerichtshof: Aberkennung der Bürgerrechte für KBW-Stadtrat bestätigt" [Administrative Court: Revocation of civil rights for KBW city councillor confirmed]. Berliner Extra-Dienst (in German). Vol. XII, no. 15. February 21, 1978. pp. 2–3.
  20. ^ "Urlaub und Sonderurlaub – für die Ausübung des passiven Wahlrechts ist der Genossin Rosenbaum, Mitglied des ZK des KBW und Wahlkampfkandidat zu den Bundestagswahlen, abgesprochen worden" [Leave and special leave - comrade Rosenbaum, member of the Central Committee of the KBW and campaign candidate for the Bundestag elections, has been denied the right to stand for election]. Kommunistische Volkszeitung (in German). No. 28. July 7, 1980.
  21. ^ "Kein Urlaub für Bundestagskandidat" [No leave for Bundestag candidate]. Die Tageszeitung (in German). No. 370. September 18, 1980. p. 2.
  22. ^ "Strafvollzug: Hitzige Gefechte". Der Spiegel (in German). No. 39/1980. September 21, 1980. pp. 104, 106–107.
  23. ^ Message of Condolence From The Central Committee and Its Standing Committee of the Communist League Of West Germany, in: Peking Review (PR), No. 3, January 16, 1976, p. 30 (Zhou Enlai); Message From Central Committee of Communist League of West Germany (Comrade Chu Teh's Passing), in: PR, Nr. 30, July 23, 1976, p. 36-37 (signed Hans-Gerhart Schmierer, Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist League of West Germany); Letter From Secretary Schmierer of Communist League of West Germany, in: PR, No. 45, November 5, 1976, P. 37 (Mao Zedong)
  24. ^ Message From Secretary Schmierer of Central Committee of Communist League of West Germany (Greeting Comrade Hua Kuo-feng Assuming Post of Chairman of C.P.C. Central Committee And Chairman of Its Military Commission), in: PR, No. 50, December 10, 1976, p. 27
  25. ^ Peking Review, No. 51, December 22, 1978, p. 7
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