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Ligier JS P2

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Ligier JS P2
CategoryLe Mans Prototype 2
ConstructorOnroak Automotive
Designer(s)Nicolas Clémençon
PredecessorMorgan LMP2
SuccessorLigier JS P217
Technical specifications[1][2]
ChassisCarbon fibre monocoque
Suspension (front)Double wishbones with pushrod-activated dampers
Suspension (rear)Same as front
Length4,610 mm (181 in)
Width2,000 mm (79 in)
Wheelbase2,865 mm (112.8 in)
EngineNissan VK45DE V8,[3]
Judd HK V8,[4]
Honda HPD HR28TT V6,[5]
longitudinal mid-mounted configuration
TransmissionXtrac 626 6-speed hydraulically-activated sequential manual transmission
WeightAppr. 900 kg (2,000 lb)
TyresMichelin, Dunlop, or Continental
Competition history
Notable entrantsFrance OAK Racing
France Thiriet by TDS Racing
Russia G-Drive Racing
United States Krohn Racing
United States Michael Shank Racing
United States Tequila Patrón ESM
United Kingdom Greaves Motorsport
Debut2014 24 Hours of Le Mans
RacesWins
6813
Teams' Championships5 (2015 FIA WEC, 2016-17 Asian LMS, 2018-19 Asian LMS, 2018-19 Asian LMS (P2 Am), 2019-20 Asian LMS (P2 Am)))
Drivers' Championships5 (2015 FIA WEC, 2016-17 Asian LMS, 2018-19 Asian LMS, 2018-19 Asian LMS (P2 Am), 2019-20 Asian LMS (P2 Am))

The Ligier JS P2 is a racing car designed and built by French manufacturer Onroak Automotive and named in partnership with French former racing driver Guy Ligier.[6] Designed for the Le Mans Prototype 2 (LMP2) regulations, it is intended as a second option to Onroak's Morgan LMP2 that has been competing since 2012. As well as being the first closed-cockpit car offered by Onroak, it is also the first car they designed entirely in-house.[7] The JS P2 debuted at the 2014 24 Hours of Le Mans, and has been campaigned in the FIA World Endurance Championship, European Le Mans Series, Asian Le Mans Series and IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship.

Development

[edit]

Onroak initially planned to develop a car for the Le Mans Prototype 1 category but cancelled these plans to concentrate on the LMP2 category.[7] The design was seen by Onroak as marketable in North America where closed-cockpit designs, which were required for all LMP1 cars, were also prominent choices for LMP2s and Daytona Prototypes in the new United SportsCar Championship.[6] The LMP1 design was therefore evolved into an LMP2 design with measures taken to assure the car met the Automobile Club de l'Ouest's (ACO) cost limitations in LMP2. The car was designed to be able to utilize available LMP2 engines:
A flat-plane crankshaft version of a Nissan V8 aluminum DOHC 4-valve engine (VK45).[2] Judd's naturally aspirated HK V8 (BMW S65 Variant),[8] and Honda's HPD V6 double turbo engine;[2] (HR28TT).[9][10] A high downforce sprint design and a low downforce Le Mans setup are offered for the car.[1]

Naming of the JS P2 came about through an alliance between Onroak and Guy Ligier's partnership of Équipe Ligier and Automobiles Martini. The JS P2 follows Ligier's naming scheme of his cars being named after French racing driver Jo Schlesser (JS). The partnership included Onroak taking over development of Ligier-Martini's Group CN car.[6]

Racing history

[edit]
The Ligier JS P2 (VK45DE) of Greaves Motorsport at the 2016 24 Hours of Le Mans: Finished Position 10 @ 348 Laps

The JS P2 began initial testing in March 2014.[11] The debut of the first JS P2s was set for the 24 Hours of Le Mans in June, where the Ligier name would race for the first time since a Ligier JS2 had finished second overall in 1975.[6] OAK would enter two cars, one backed by Nissan's drivers and engine while the other car featured three Chinese drivers and a Honda powerplant. The third car was purchased by privateers Thiriet by TDS Racing and also used a Nissan engine.[12] The two Nissan JS P2 qualified well, with TDS's car on pole position and the first OAK car in third.[13] All three cars finished the 24 hour endurance with TDS in second and OAK in fifth and seventh places in class.

Following Le Mans TDS Racing campaigned their Ligier in the remainder of the European Le Mans Series, but were unable to finish the three races in which they participated. OAK Racing meanwhile brought their Ligier to the United States for the two remaining rounds of the United SportsCar Championship, where Alex Brundle put the Honda-powered JS P2 on pole position on debut at Circuit of the Americas[14] en route to a second-place finish. The Nissan-powered OAK car moved to the FIA World Endurance Championship where it earned five consecutive pole positions in the five remaining races as well as class victories at Fuji Speedway and Shanghai International Circuit.

In 2015 the American Krohn Racing team purchased a JS P2 for a partial season in the United SportsCar Championship and a full season in the European Le Mans Series, and will be the first team to utilize Judd power in the Ligier.[15] Michael Shank Racing purchased a Honda-powered JS P2 for a full United SportsCar Championship campaign, and won pole position at the Rolex 24 at Daytona.[16] In 2016, Extreme Speed Motorsports entered a JS P2 in the United Sportscar Championship, winning both the 2016 24 Hours of Daytona and the 2016 12 Hours of Sebring, with the JS P2 becoming the first car to defeat a Daytona Prototype at the 24 hours, as well as the team becoming the first to win the so-called "36 Hours of Florida" since 1998.[17]

Results summary

[edit]

Complete World Endurance Championship results

[edit]

(key) Races in bold indicates pole position. Races in italics indicates fastest lap. Green background indicates second team entry; eligible only for Drivers' championship points.

Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results
Year Entrant Class Drivers No. Rds. Rounds Pts. Pos.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2014 Russia G-Drive Racing LMP2 Russia Roman Rusinov
France Olivier Pla
France Julien Canal
26 4-8
4-8
4-8
SIL SPA LMS COA
4
FUJ
1
SHA
1
BHR
4
SÃO
Ret
137* 2nd*
France OAK Racing-Team Asia United States David Cheng
Netherlands Ho-Pin Tung
Hong Kong Adderly Fong
33 3
3
3
SIL
SPA
LMS
7
COA
FUJ
SHA
BHR
SÃO
0 NC
France OAK Racing United Kingdom Alex Brundle
United Kingdom Jann Mardenborough
Russia Mark Shulzhitskiy
35 3
3
3
SIL
SPA
LMS
5
COA
FUJ
SHA
BHR
SÃO
0 NC
France Thiriet by TDS Racing France Pierre Thiriet
France Ludovic Badey
France Tristan Gommendy
46 3
3
3
SIL
SPA
LMS
2
COA
FUJ
SHA
BHR
SÃO
0 NC
2015 Russia G-Drive Racing LMP2 Russia Roman Rusinov
France Julien Canal
United Kingdom Sam Bird
26 All
All
All
SIL

1

SPA
10
LMS
3
NÜR
2
COA
1
FUJ
1
SHA
2
BHR
1
178 1st
Colombia Gustavo Yacamán
Mexico Ricardo González
Brazil Pipo Derani
28 All
All
All
SIL
2
SPA
2
LMS
4
NÜR
3
COA
3
FUJ
3
SHA
Ret
BHR
3
134 3rd
United States Extreme Speed Motorsports United States Scott Sharp
United Kingdom Ryan Dalziel
Denmark David Heinemeier Hansson
30 2-8
2-8
2-8
SIL
SPA
9
LMS
10
NÜR
6
COA
4
FUJ
4
SHA
Ret
BHR
7
62 7th
United States Ed Brown
United States Jon Fogarty

United States Johannes van Overbeek

31 2-8
2-8
2-8
SIL
SPA
8
LMS
7
NÜR
8
COA
Ret
FUJ
7
SHA
5
BHR
8
62* 8th*
France OAK Racing Canada Chris Cumming
France Kévin Estre
Belgium Laurens Vanthoor
34 3
3
3
SIL
SPA
LMS
Ret
NÜR
COA
FUJ
SHA
BHR
0 NC
France Jacques Nicolet
France Jean-Marc Merlin
France Erik Maris
35 1-3
1-3
1-3
SIL
5
SPA
7
LMS
11
NÜR
COA
FUJ
SHA
BHR
34 9th
United States Krohn Racing United States Tracy Krohn
Sweden Niclas Jönsson
Portugal João Barbosa
40 3
3
3
SIL
SPA
LMS
12
NÜR
COA
FUJ
SHA
BHR
0 NC
2016 France SO24! by Lombard Racing LMP2 France Vincent Capillaire
France Erik Maris
United Kingdom Jonathan Coleman
22 3
3
3
SIL
SPA
LMS
14
NÜR
MEX
COA
FUJ
SHA
BHR
0 NC
France Panis-Barthez Compétition France Fabien Barthez
France Timothé Buret
France Paul-Loup Chatin
23 3
3
3
SIL
SPA
LMS
8
NÜR
MEX
COA
FUJ
SHA
BHR
0 NC
Portugal Algarve Pro Racing United Kingdom Michael Munemann
United Kingdom Chris Hoy
France Andrea Pizzitola
25 3
3
3
SIL
SPA
LMS
12
NÜR
MEX
COA
FUJ
SHA
BHR
0 NC
United States Extreme Speed Motorsports United States Scott Sharp
United States Ed Brown
United States Johannes van Overbeek
Indonesia Sean Gelael
Italy Antonio Giovinazzi
Netherlands Giedo van der Garde

United Kingdom Tom Blomqvist
France Tom Dillmann

30 1-6
1-6
1-6
7-9
7-9
7, 9
8
9
SIL
9
SPA
7
LMS
11
NÜR
8
MEX
9
COA
7
FUJ
4
SHA
2
BHR
5
78 5th
Brazil Pipo Derani
United Kingdom Ryan Dalziel
Canada Chris Cumming
31 All
All
All
SIL
2
SPA
2
LMS
15
NÜR
3
MEX
3
COA
5
FUJ
5
SHA
5
BHR
4
116 4th
United States Krohn Racing United States Tracy Krohn
Sweden Niclas Jönsson
Portugal João Barbosa
40 3
3
3
SIL
SPA
LMS
13
NÜR
MEX
COA
FUJ
SHA
BHR
0 NC
United Kingdom Greaves Motorsport Mexico Memo Rojas
France Julien Canal
France Nathanaël Berthon
41 3
3
3
SIL
SPA
LMS
6
NÜR
MEX
COA
FUJ
SHA
BHR
0 NC
Mexico RGR Sport by Morand Portugal Filipe Albuquerque
Brazil Bruno Senna
Mexico Ricardo González
43 All
All
All
SIL
1
SPA
4
LMS
10
NÜR
2
MEX
1
COA
2
FUJ
2
SHA
3
BHR
2
169 2nd
United States Michael Shank Racing United States John Pew
Brazil Oswaldo Negri Jr.
Belgium Laurens Vanthoor
49 3
3
3
SIL
SPA
LMS
9
NÜR
MEX
COA
FUJ
SHA
BHR
0 NC
Sources:[18][19][20][21]

* Points were scored with the Morgan LMP2

* Points were scored with the HPD ARX-03b

Complete European Le Mans Series results

[edit]

(key) Races in bold indicates pole position. Races in italics indicates fastest lap.

Complete European Le Mans Series results
Year Entrant Class Drivers No. Rds. Rounds Pts. Pos.
1 2 3 4 5 6
2014 France Thiriet by TDS Racing LMP2 France Ludovic Badey
France Tristan Gommendy
France Pierre Thiriet
46 All
All
All
SIL
IMO
RBR
Ret
LEC
Ret
EST
Ret
35* 7th*
2015 Portugal Algarve Pro Racing LMP2 United Kingdom Michael Munemann
Italy Andrea Roda
United Kingdom James Winslow
25 3-5
3-5
3-5
SIL
IMO
RBR
10
LEC
8
EST
7
11 12th
United States Krohn Racing Sweden Niclas Jönsson
United States Tracy Krohn
Brazil Oswaldo Negri Jr.
France Julien Canal
France Olivier Pla
40 All
All
1-2
3
4-5
SIL
4
IMO
5
RBR
5
LEC
5
EST
8
46 4th
2016 France SO24! By Lombard Racing LMP2 France Vincent Capillaire
United Kingdom Jonathan Coleman
France Olivier Lombard
22 1-2
1-2
1-2
SIL
3
IMO
11
RBR
LEC
SPA
EST
15.5 12th
France Panis Barthez Competition France Fabien Barthez
France Timothé Buret
France Paul-Loup Chatin
23 All
All
All
SIL
9
IMO
7
RBR
7
LEC
11
SPA
7
EST
7
27.5 8th
Portugal Algarve Pro Racing United Kingdom Michael Munemann
India Parth Ghorpade
United Kingdom Chris Hoy
Switzerland Jonathan Hirschi
France Andrea Pizzitola
Italy Andrea Roda
25 1-3, 5
1-2
1-2
3-5
3-5
4
SIL
10
IMO
Ret
RBR
5
LEC
7
SPA
9
EST
19 9th
France IDEC Sport Racing France Dimitri Enjalbert
France Patrice Lafargue
France Paul Lafargue
28 1-2, 4–6
1-2, 4–6
1-2, 4–6
SIL
7
IMO
Ret
RBR
LEC
10
SPA
8
EST
6
19 10th
United States Krohn Racing Sweden Niclas Jönsson
Sweden Björn Wirdheim
United States Tracy Krohn
France Olivier Pla
40 All
1-2
1, 3–5
2-6
SIL
4
IMO
6
RBR
9
LEC
8
SPA
10
EST
4
39 6th
United Kingdom Greaves Motorsport France Julien Canal
Mexico Memo Rojas
Poland Kuba Giermaziak
France Nathanaël Berthon
41 All
All
1-2
3-6
SIL
8
IMO
8
RBR
6
LEC
6
SPA
4
EST
Ret
36 7th
Belgium Team WRT United Kingdom Will Stevens
Belgium Dries Vanthoor
Belgium Laurens Vanthoor
47 5
5
5
SIL
IMO
RBR
LEC
SPA
2
EST
18 11th
Sources:[22][23][24][21]

* Points were scored with the Morgan LMP2

Complete IMSA SportsCar Championship results

[edit]

(key) Races in bold indicates pole position. Races in italics indicates fastest lap.

Complete IMSA SportsCar Championship results
Year Entrant Class Drivers No. Rds. Rounds Pts. Pos.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2014 France OAK Racing P Colombia Gustavo Yacamán
United Kingdom Alex Brundle
China Ho-Pin Tung
42 All
10-11
11
DAY SEB LBH LGA DET WGL MOS IMS ELK COA
2
PET
9
309* 5th*
2015 United States Krohn Racing P United States Tracy Krohn
Sweden Niclas Jönsson
France Olivier Pla
United Kingdom Alex Brundle
57 1-2
1-2
1-2
1
DAY
13
SEB
6
LBH
LGA
DET
WGL
MOS
ELK
COA
PET
45 11th
United States Michael Shank Racing with Curb/Agajanian Brazil Oswaldo Negri Jr.
United States John Pew
United States Matt McMurry
United States A. J. Allmendinger
United Kingdom Justin Wilson
60 All
All
1, 10
1
2
DAY
5
SEB
13
LBH
6
LGA
3
DET
2
WGL
7
MOS
3
ELK
4
COA
4
PET
9
273 6th
2016 United States Tequila Patrón ESM P Brazil Pipo Derani
United States Scott Sharp
United States Johannes van Overbeek
United States Ed Brown
2 1-2, 6, 10
1-2, 6, 10
1-2, 6, 10
1-2
DAY
1
SEB
1
LBH
LGA
DET
WGL
9
MOS
ELK
COA
PET
2
128 9th
United States Michael Shank Racing with Curb-Agajanian Brazil Oswaldo Negri Jr.
United States John Pew
France Olivier Pla
United States A. J. Allmendinger
United Kingdom Katherine Legge
60 All
1-4, 6–10
1-2, 6, 10
1
5
DAY
11
SEB
7
LBH
7
LGA
1
DET
5
WGL
3
MOS
6
ELK
4
COA
6
PET
1
282 4th
Sources:[25][26][27][21]

* Points were scored with the Morgan LMP2

Complete Asian Le Mans Series results

[edit]

(key) Races in bold indicates pole position. Races in italics indicates fastest lap.

Year Entrant Class Drivers No. Rds. Rounds Pts. Pos.
1 2 3 4
2015-16 Portugal Algarve Pro Racing LMP2 Australia Dean Koutsoumidis
United Kingdom Michael Munemann
United Kingdom James Winslow
25 2-4
2-4
2-4
FUJ
SEP I
2
BUR
2
SEP II
3
53 2nd
2016-17 Portugal Algarve Pro Racing LMP2 South Korea Tacksung Kim
United States Matt McMurry
Italy Andrea Roda
United States Mark Patterson
Switzerland Jonathan Hirschi
United Kingdom Michael Munemann
24 All
1
1
2-4
2
3-4
ZHU
2
FUJ
4
BUR
3
SEP
3
60 3rd
France Andrea Pizzitola
United Kingdom Michael Munemann
Netherlands Nicky Catsburg
Italy Andrea Roda

United States Matt McMurry
Australia Aidan Read

25 All
1-2
1
2-4
3
4
ZHU
3
FUJ
3
BUR
2
SEP
1
76 1st
2017-18 Slovakia ARC Bratislava LMP2 Latvia Konstantīns Calko
Slovakia Miroslav Konôpka
Netherlands Rik Breukers
Colombia Gustavo Yacamán
4 All
All
1-2
3
ZHU
3
FUJ
4
BUR
4
SEP
4
51 3rd
Portugal Algarve Pro Racing Netherlands Ate de Jong
Australia Dean Koutsoumidis
Canada John Graham
25 All
All
1, 3–4
ZHU
4
FUJ
4
BUR
Ret
SEP
Ret
20 6th
Philippines Eurasia Motorsport Hong Kong Alex Au
Japan Keiko Ihara
Australia Scott Andrews
Estonia Marko Asmer
Japan Yoshiharu Mori
Malaysia Nabil Jeffri
Australia Jake Parsons
33 1
1
2
2,4
2
4
4
ZHU
4
FUJ
Ret
BUR
SEP
3
28 5th
China BBT Brazil Pipo Derani
China Anthony Liu
Italy Davide Rizzo
37 All
All
All
ZHU
2
FUJ
2
BUR
3
SEP
2
70 2nd
2018-19 Switzerland Spirit of Race LMP2 Brazil Pipo Derani
France Côme Ledogar
Sweden Alexander West
8 1-2, 4
1-2, 4
1-2, 4
SHA
1
FUJ
6
CHA
SEP
5
United States United Autosports United Kingdom Phil Hanson
United Kingdom Paul di Resta
22 All
All
SHA
2
FUJ
2
CHA
1
SEP
2
80 1st
Portugal Algarve Pro Racing Philippines Ate de Jong
United Kingdom Harrison Newey
France Andrea Pizzitola
24 All
All
All
SHA
Ret
FUJ
1
CHA
2
SEP
1
69 2nd
France Panis Barthez Competition France François Heriau
France Matthieu Lahaye
France Jean-Baptiste Lahaye
35 All
All
1, 3–4
SHA
6
FUJ
4
CHA
3
SEP
3
50 4th
Slovakia ARC Bratislava LMP2 Am United Kingdom Darren Burke
Slovakia Miroslav Konôpka
China Kang Ling
4 All
All
All
SHA
2
FUJ
1
CHA
1
SEP
1
94 1st
United States United Autosports United States Patrick Byrne
United States Guy Cosmo
Turkey Salih Yoluç
23 All
All
All
SHA
1
FUJ
2
CHA
3
SEP
Ret
60 2nd
Portugal Algarve Pro Racing Denmark Anders Fjordbach
United States Chris McMurry
United States Mark Patterson
25 All
All
All
SHA
3
FUJ
3
CHA
2
SEP
Ret
49 3rd
2019-20 Slovakia ARC Bratislava LMP2 Am Slovakia Miro Konopka
Greece Andreas Laskaratos
China Kang Ling
Australia Garnet Patterson
4 1-2
1-2
1
2
SHA
Ret
BEN
3
SEP
CHA
16 4th
United States Rick Ware Racing United States Philippe Mulacek
United States Guy Cosmo
United States Anthony Lazzaro
25 2-4
2-4
2-4
SHA
DNS
BEN
2
SEP
Ret
CHA
1
45 2nd
United States Mark Kvamme
United States Cody Ware
Lithuania Gustas Grinbergas
52 1
All
2-4
SHA
2
BEN
1
SEP
1
CHA
2
86 1st
Source:[21]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Onroak Automotive Ligier JS P2" (PDF). Onroak Automotive. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  2. ^ a b c "LIGIER JS P2". Ligier Automotive. Ligier. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  3. ^ "First pictures of Nismo V8". 24h-lemans. 24 January 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  4. ^ "JUDD HK V8 LMP2: Motorsport Engine". Judd Power. 9 November 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  5. ^ "Photos of Ligier JS P2". Racing Sports Cars. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d "OnRoak, Ligier Announce Partnership". Sportscar365. 6 December 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  7. ^ a b Dagys, John (4 March 2014). "Ligier JS P2 Breaks Cover". Sportscar365. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  8. ^ "JUDD HK V8 LMP2: Motorsport Engine". Judd Power. 9 November 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  9. ^ "2012 HPD ARX-03b: HPD". Supercars.net. 19 November 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  10. ^ "Honda Performance Development Unveils 3.5-Liter Prototype Engine". hondanews.com. Honda Newsroom. 20 February 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  11. ^ Mercier, Laurent (4 March 2014). "Nicolet Pleased with Ligier JS P2 Rollout". Sportscar365. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  12. ^ Dagys, John (16 March 2014). "Ligier JS P2 Receives Homologation, Set for Le Mans Debut". Sportscar365. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  13. ^ Dagys, John (12 June 2014). "Nakajima, Toyota Take Landmark Pole at Le Mans". Sportscar365. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  14. ^ DiZinno, Tony (19 September 2014). "Brundle Secures Ligier-Honda TUSC Debut Pole at COTA". Sportscar365. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  15. ^ Dagys, John (29 January 2015). "Nergi Completes Krohn Racing Lineup in ELMS". Sportscar365. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  16. ^ "Negri Takes MSR Ligier JS P2 Honda to Rolex 24 Pole". Sportscar365. 22 January 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  17. ^ Fira, Michael (22 March 2016). "12 Hours of Sebring Race Report". Topspeed. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  18. ^ "WEC Classification – 2014 FIA Endurance Trophy for LMP2 Teams". FIA World Endurance Championship. Archived from the original on 3 December 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  19. ^ "Season 2015 Results". FIA World Endurance Championship. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  20. ^ "WEC Classification – 2016 FIA Endurance Trophy for LMP2 Teams". FIA World Endurance Championship. Archived from the original on 22 November 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  21. ^ a b c d "Complete Archive of Ligier JS P2". Racing Sports Cars. pp. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  22. ^ "2014 LMP2 Teams Classification". European Le Mans Series. Archived from the original on 27 July 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  23. ^ "2015 LMP2 Teams Classification". European Le Mans Series. Archived from the original on 27 July 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  24. ^ "2016 LMP2 Teams Classification". European Le Mans Series. Archived from the original on 22 July 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  25. ^ "2014 TUDOR Championship Official Points REVISED.pdf" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  26. ^ "2015 TUDOR Championship Points Standings - Official.pdf" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  27. ^ "2016 IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship Point Standings" (PDF). results.imsa.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
[edit]