Talk:Regency of Algiers

Map proposal

Carte de la régence d'Alger, de son voisinage et groupes tribaux

Following a reflection on WP:FR I take the opportunity to propose the same map here. It will be translated if the proposal is accepted. Regards. Monsieur Patillo (talk) 20:27, 15 October 2024 (UTC)

Monsieur Patillo, if you ask at the Graphics Lab for it to be converted to an SVG with labels, then it can be translated by anyone using the translate tool, and I volunteer to do the translation part as I have used the tool before. Mathglot (talk) 18:36, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

sorry for my late reply. I don't know if this card is consensual to be introduced. I would be happy to put it in the processes you propose. Thank you. Monsieur Patillo (talk) 23:05, 26 November 2024 (UTC)

I would recommend staying with the current map ([1]), which is directly copied from a reliable scholarly source that is freely accessible and which has been discussed and adjusted multiple times already, whereas this one involves WP:SYNTH and one of the main sources is not accessible to the rest of us while the reliability of the other (Euratlas) is unclear. Given the constant POV disputes on Wikipedia about borders in the region, we need a compelling reason to change to something else. R Prazeres (talk) 23:50, 26 November 2024 (UTC)

We can superimpose several maps without it being WP:SYNTH, but I can agree with you on this argument and therefore want to favor one map = 1 source. However, highlighting Atlas of Islamic History has a disadvantage that the source is less centered than Atlas Historique de l'Algérie. So I can prepare a map cleared of the elements of euratlas. Monsieur Patillo (talk) 13:40, 30 November 2024 (UTC)

GA Review

This review is transcluded from Talk:Regency of Algiers/GA2. The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.

Nominator: Nourerrahmane (talk · contribs) 22:08, 1 October 2024 (UTC)

Reviewer: Borsoka (talk · contribs) 11:43, 8 November 2024 (UTC)

GA review – see WP:WIAGA for criteria

1. Is it well written?

   A. The prose is clear and concise, and the spelling and grammar are correct:

   B. It complies with the manual of style guidelines for lead sections, layout, words to watch, fiction, and list incorporation:

2. Is it verifiable with no original research, as shown by a source spot-check?

   A. It contains a list of all references (sources of information), presented in accordance with the layout style guideline:

   B. Reliable sources are cited inline. All content that could reasonably be challenged, except for plot summaries and that which summarizes cited content elsewhere in the article, must be cited no later than the end of the paragraph (or line if the content is not in prose):

   C. It contains no original research:

   D. It contains no copyright violations nor plagiarism:

3. Is it broad in its coverage?

   A. It addresses the main aspects of the topic:

   B. It stays focused on the topic without going into unnecessary detail (see summary style):

4. Is it neutral?

   It represents viewpoints fairly and without editorial bias, giving due weight to each:

5. Is it stable?

   It does not change significantly from day to day because of an ongoing edit war or content dispute:

6. Is it illustrated, if possible, by images?

   A. Images are tagged with their copyright status, and valid non-free use rationales are provided for non-free content:

   B. Images are relevant to the topic, and have suitable captions:

7. Overall:

   Pass or Fail:

Comments

• ...Almohad successor states... Is this relevant in the article's context? I think we should be inform that "the Maghrebi Muslim states" disintegrated Y
• Is the adjectve "vengeful" necessary? Y
• Introduce Moriscos with two or three words. Y
• ...after the end of the Reconquista in late 15th century Delete Y
• ...where they established walled and garrisoned strongpoints they called presidios They? Y
• ... Catholic fervor... Perhaps "Catholic missionary fervor"? Y
• By early 16th century, Spain dominated the coastal areas of the Maghreb. Is this necessary? Y
• ...came to North Africa... From where? Y
• When did the Spanish conquered Béjaia, in 1509 or 1512? Y
• ...after corsairs appeared there... Were these the brothers' men/allies, or independent groups? Y
• Introduce Diego de Vera. Y
• He continued his conquests in central Algeria, but was killed in Tlemcen in 1518. This could be the last sentence of the following paragraph for chronological reason. Y
• ...killed at Tlemcen... Some more details? (Fighting the Ottomans/for the Ottomans?) Y
• The religiously sanctioned authority of Aruj Reis was supported by the military, with the scimitars of Turks and Christian renegades behind him.The religiously sanctioned authority of Aruj Reis was supported by the military, with the scimitars of Turks and Christian renegades behind him.The religiously sanctioned authority of Aruj Reis was supported by the military, with the scimitars of Turks and Christian renegades behind him. Could you quote the text verifying this sentence? reworded Y
  • Link Barbary to Barbary Coast.
• ...wrote Diego de Haedo... I would prefer future-in-the-past. Y
• ...from Sicily... Delete. Y
• Hayreddin succeeded his brother as Sultan of Algiers. He inherited his brother's position unopposed. Consolidate and shorten the two sentences. We were not previously informed that Aruj was sultan. Who awarded him with the title? Y
• A shrewd statesman and a great captain,[34] he designed a strategy for the Algerian state's existence. After repelling another Spanish attack in August 1519, led by Hugo of Moncada, Hayreddin pledged allegiance to the Sublime Porte to obtain its support against the Spanish Empire and the rebellions fomented by his opponents. I would consolidate and radically cut these sentences. The core information is that he accepted Ottoman suzerainty for he needed protecton againss Spain and rebels. Y
• ...supported him with 2,000 janissaries... Sent him? Y
• Introduce Suleiman I as Selim's successor. Y
• Explain eyalet as a province. (It's actually a vassal state and a Regency regarding Algiers) Y
  • Algiers officially became an eyalet; Ottoman vassal state and regency,... Could you quote the text from the cited source that verifies the statement. (My concern is the position of Algiers: eyalet or vassal state?

Merouche (2007) pp.53 (In French): "Cette initiative est capitale pour la suite des événements car elle est à l'origine de la vassalisation de l'État d'Alger, alors en formation, par l'empire ottoman et des massives et successives interventions de la flotte ottomane, sans lesquelles les Régences ottomanes du Maghreb n'auraient certainement pas survécu." More from Merouche: pp.139 " système de gouvernement d'une grande souplesse. Les statuts des parties de l'empire vont de la province, qui paie un tribut annuel, aux États d'empire avec lesquels on se contente d'une allégeance formelle et de l'envoi de présents à certaines occasions bien définies. Sauf exceptions liées à la structure du pays ou à la proximité du centre, chaque pacha- beylerbey était « roi dans son royaume » qu'il gérait, avec l'assistance d'un Divan, en respectant les coutumes locales et les structures traditionnelles des pouvoirs locaux dépendant de son autorité. Dans ce cadre, Alger s'affirmait en tant qu'État d'empire, c'est-à-dire une entité politique ayant tous les attributs de l'État au sens d'alors, mais qui par ailleurs constituait une partie intégrante de l'empire ottoman."

• • • I think this is to be explained in the article: when was the Regency formed, why is it called "Regency", what was its position in the empire? Y
      • From 1519 onward, Algiers formed a Regency; an Ottoman state-province or "Imperial state". Is "Regency" an official name or a term used by modern scholars? I assume the terms "Ottoman state-province" and "Imperial state" are terms used by a specific modern scholar to explain "Regency"; if yes, make it clear in the text. Borsoka (talk) 01:55, 18 November 2024 (UTC)
• Call Aruj Reis consequently as Aruj, and Hayreddin Reis as Hayreddin after first mentioned them. Y
• ...Reis retook Algiers... Had he lost it? There are too many details in the section. Y
  • A link to holy warriors?
• Supported by the Kabyles of Beni Abbas .... after defeating the Kabyle prince of Kuku... Who is who, who supported whom? Are these details highly relevant? Y
  • Introduce the Kuku and Ahmad ibn al-Kadi. Y
• ... that had been threatening the harbour Delete. Y
• Regency? We were previously informed that Algiers became a province. (adressed above) Y
• Delete "infamous" and explain "tai'fa of raïs". Y
• It became the model... When? I would prefer future-in-the-past. Y
• A link to Barbary pirates? Y
• The campaigns ... financed... Did they? Y
• One sentence cannot make a paragraph. Y
  • Who are the "barbarossa brothers"? Y
  • We are still not informed who are the "barbarossa brothers".
    • "Barbarossa brothers" was a nickname for Aruj and Hayreddin Reis, as mentionned in the lead.
      • This should be mentioned in the main text as well. Borsoka (talk)
  • ...a bastion of Islam in its competition with Christendom for control over western Mediterranean. Did Christendom or the Spanish attempted to control the western Mediterranean? For instance, the French were the opponents of the Spanish and allied with the Ottomans against the Habsburgs, and the Moroccaan Saadis were the allies of Spain. Y
• The introductory paragraph under section title "Beylerbeylik period (1519–1587)" is a little bit out of context. I understand Hayredin was the first ruler of the Regency. Y Borsoka (talk) 16:39, 8 November 2024 (UTC)
• Is section title "Beylerbeylik period (1519–1587)" necessary? The previous section ended in 1533. Y
• European powers portrayed it as the "scourge of Christendom" and a 16th-century "rogue state". European powers? Y
• ...in its first few decades... Delete. Y
• Reports of Spanish losses ranged up to 12,000 men, and more than 150 ships. The Algerians salvaged 200 cannons and used them in the fortifications of Algiers. Delete. Y
• Decide Turkish or Ottoman. Y
• ..., who was given the title of pasha from the sultan,... Is this relevant? Y
• ...went eastward and... Delete. Y
• The Spanish disaster in Algiers made it the center of piracy, becoming a bazaar for thousands of captured Christian slaves and attracting pirates from all over the Mediterranean. A similar statement can be read at the end of the previous section. Avoid repetition. Y
• Hayreddin's son Hasan Pasha and Salah Rais consolidated and expanded their territories. Some context? Who succeeded whom? Y
• ...Salah Rais took Touggourt and Ouargla... From whom? Y
• Introduce Mostaganem as an Algerian city, and Count Alcaudete as a Spanish admiral. Y
• The two beylerbeys also led campaigns against Spanish ally Saadian Morocco. Hasan Pasha decisively defeated it twice in 1551 and 1557 in Tlemcen,[82] and Salah Rais advanced as far as Fez in January 1554, placing Abu Hassun as an Ottoman vassal there. Too many details. I guess the core information, that they forced Morocco to accept Ottoman suzerainty. Y
• Beylerbeys often remained in power for several years, exercising authority over Tunis and Tripoli as well, and led Ottoman expansion in the Mediterranean. Is this necessary? If yes, some major edicts are needed because subsequent sentences contain very similar information. Y
• ... captured Tunis... From whom? Y
• ...then recaptured it... Had it been lost? Y
• ...the capture of Fez... By whom and from whom? Y
• Introduce Tuat. Y
• ...temporarily halting Saadian advances there... Last time we met them, the Saadi were Ottoman vassals. Y
• The beylerbeys acted as independent sovereigns despite acknowledging the suzerainty of the sultan. When? Y
• De Haëdo called them "kings of Algiers". Introduce De Haedo. When? What is the relevance of the sentence? Y
• The janissary-elected Hasan Corso openly rebelled in 1556. A Corsican renegade, he refused to submit to the pasha sent from Constantinople. Consolidate the two sentence. Y
• The corsairs helped the pasha murder Hasan Corso, then the janissaries also murdered the pasha. Why and why? Y
• Check dublinks and fix them. Y
• From chronological perspective the section is extremly unclear. Hassan Pasha is introduced twice, and he begins expansion before being appointed pasha by the Sultan. Y
• Consider presenting the system the government in one dedicated paragraph, because now details are scattered randomly all over the section (the beylerbegs are appointed by the sultan, the lack of timar system, corsairs, etc) Y Borsoka (talk) 02:21, 12 November 2024 (UTC)

Hello @Borsoka, thank you for reviewing this article, I hope i have now adressed all the points you listed, I have added short explanations between brackets when needed.

Speaking of the last point, indeed Hayreddin was the first Beylerbey of the Regency, however he's often brought with his brother Aruj per sources. The beylerbey period proper starts from Hasan Agha onward. Nourerrahmane (talk) 23:08, 8 November 2024 (UTC)

• Introduce Figuig. Y
• ...rather than for life We were not previously inform that the beylerbegs were appointed for life. Y
• ...filled Algerian coffers immensely Could numbers be added? Y
• The later pashas... Be more specific. Y
• Introduce Khider Pasha Y
• ...led a revolt in Algiers in an effort to overthrow it... Overthrow? Y
• Introduce the coulouglis. Y
• ...which made them the sole power holder in Algiers Whom? Y
• When the Ottoman expanded French privileges... Who? Y
• From chronological point of view Section 1.2 is unclear. It also contains redundant information (for instance, the taifa was already introduced in a previous section). Y

I think the article needs a comprehensive copy edit to improve the prose. I suggest you seek assistance at Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors. I put the article on hold. Please ping me when the copyedit is completed. Borsoka (talk) 02:07, 18 November 2024 (UTC)

• Referring to your email, I would not recommend a specific editor. I think you could add the article's name on the list at the Guild of Copy Editors. Borsoka (talk) 01:03, 19 November 2024 (UTC)

Hi @Borsoka, copyediting is now finished. You can resume the GA review, thanks. Nourerrahmane (talk) 10:04, 28 November 2024 (UTC)

Thank you for pinging me. I will resume the review in the weekend. Borsoka (talk) 02:25, 29 November 2024 (UTC)

• The Spanish conquered the city of Oran in 1509 and took it from the Zayyanids,... I think the text should be consolidated because the Spanish conqered Oran from the Zayyanids. Y
• The Spanish conquered the city of Oran in 1509 and took it from the Zayyanids, as well as Béjaïa from the Hafsids... Make it clear that both Oran and Béjaia was conquered in 1509. Y
• Spanish economical aims included control over the caravan trade routes from western Sudan, Tripoli and Tunis in the east and Ceuta to Melilla in the west, passing through Béjaïa, Algiers, Oran and Tlemcen; the gold and slave trades funded the Spanish treasury. I assume the long sentence only wants to say that the Spanish wanted control gold and slave trade in the Maghreb. If this is the case, shorten the text radically. Y
• ...proclaimed himself Sultan of Algiers...a powerful Muslim state officially named the Kingdom of Algiers Sultan or king/sultanate or kingdom? Y
• ... its quarreling principalities... I assume "its" means "local" in context. Y
• ... maraboutic and Sufi orders... I would introduce them as Muslim religious orders. Y
• ...by Turks... Who are they? Y
• Link Barbary. Y
• ...in western Algeria... Perhaps central Maghreb? Y
• Some more information on the Fall of Tlemcen? Taking into account, that Tlemcen fell to the Ottomans, you should also explain why they intervened in the conflict. Did he die when the city fell or during the siege? Y

• His head was then sent to Spain, and his robes were sent to the Church of St. Jerome in Cordoba, where they were kept as trophies. I would delete.
• Link Abu Hammou III and Abu Zayan III.

• Introduce Hugo of Moncada. Y
• Introduce the Sublime Porte. Y
• Introduce the ulama as jurists/lawyers/... Y
• ...some historians refer to it as an Ottoman vassal state, state-province or "Imperial state"... Reorganize this info in a separate sentence. Y
• Kabyle kingdoms or tribes? Y
• A link to holy warriors? Y
• Why did they have the reputation of holy warriors. Y
  • To set themselves apart in the tribal environment of the central Maghreb and gather support against both the Spanish and rival rulers.
• ...after a coalition of the Hafsids with the Kabyle kingdom of Kuku blockaded Algiers. When? Y
• ...Hayreddin retook Algiers... We are not informed that Algiers had been lost. Y
• Introduce Andrea Doria. Y
• ...turned Algiers into an Islamic bastion ... The Regency or the city? Y
• ... Kapudan Pasha (admiral)... I would say (grand admiral of the Ottoman fleet) Y
• I would introduce Hasan Agha as a Sardinian renegade. Y
• The first paragraph of section "1.1.2 Hayreddin's successors" contains information that is also relevant for the period of the Barbarossa brothers, so it (or at least its first two sentences) should be moved to the previous section. Y
• ... beylerbeys—corsair captains appointed by the Ottoman sultan to rule... The previous section contains a different definition. The two definitions should be harmonised in the previous section. Y
• Introduce the sipahis. Y
• ...naval attack from the Holy Roman Empire... Was it indeed from the Holy Roman Empire or was it led by the Holy Roman Emperor (who was also king of Spain, Sicily and Naples in this period)? Y
• ...was seen... By whom? Y
• Algiers was known in Christian Europe as ... a 16th-century "rogue state". I assume "rogue state" is a modern term. This should be clarified, possibly attributed to a specific historian. Y

• I still do not understand. Was Algiers known as a rogue state already in the 16th century? I understand Algiers was known as the "scourge of Christianity" in the 16th century.

• Hayreddin's son Hasan Pasha succeeded Hasan Agha. When? Y
• He was recalled by the Sultan after the French ambassador in Constantinople supported his successor Salah Rais, who would expand his rule to Berber Beni Djallab's principalities in Touggourt and Ouargla, making them tributaries. I would split the long sentence into three shorter sentences. 1. He is recalled on the French ambassador's advice (when?). 2. An explanation for the French ambassador's influence in the Sublime Porte. 3. The French ambassador's candidate, Salah Rais is appointed and his acts. Y
• I would introduce the Abu Hassun as the Saadians' opponent. Y
• A link and a short introduction to janissaries? Previously, we were not informed that janisaries were present in Algiers. Some context? Y
  • It was already mentionned that the Sultan sent 2000 janissaries in Algiers, but i added a short introduction of them in the beylerbeylik period of Algiers.

• • I would introduce them (very shortly) when they are first mentioned ("privileged military group") Y

• Do we know the name of the pasha who was sent from Constantinople? Y
• ...who refused to submit to the pasha sent from Constantinople. Why was he sent to Algiers? Y
• I would name and introduce Sulejman when Salah Rais is mentioned in a previous sentence. Y
• Was Uluç Ali Pasha Hasan Pasha's successor? Y
  • No, Hasan Pasha was succeeded by another regent before Uluç Ali.
• ..., leaving 8,000 men in the Spanish presidio of La Goletta Who? Y
• ...from total defeat... By whom? Y
• Introduce Sultan Selim II as Suleiman's successor. Y
• Sultan Selim II rewarded him with the title of Kapudan Pasha of the Ottoman navy. Was he only a titular Kapudan Pasha? Delete "of the Ottoman navy". Y
  • Didn't understood this question, I added that he retained his beylerbey title in the body.

• • Was he only a nominal Kapudan Pasha who held the title without commanding the fleet, or was he the actual commander of the fleet?

• • • He was the actual commander of the Ottoman fleet

• • • Rephrase the sentence to reflect this. Y

• ... captured Fez in 1576... You should mentione that the Saadians had recaptured Fez because when it was mentioned for the last time in the article it was hold by a sultan appointed by the Algerians. Y
• Introduce Abd al-Malik. Y
• ...his successor... Whose? Y
• Introduce Murad III as Selim II's successor. Y Borsoka (talk) 03:00, 1 December 2024 (UTC)
• Earlier pashas such as... Earlier or the first? Y
• ...and guaranteed stability in the Regency And or which? Delete "in the Regency". Y
• ...the corsairs' and janissaries'... Introduce them as the two dominant military fractions or something similar. Y
• ...established the Franco-Ottoman Alliance and... Delete, because it was already referred to. Y
• ...built a trading center... Where? Y
• Algiers and Constantinople had different views of relations with France. I would place it after the first sentence or delete it. Y
• The janissaries organised into the diwan (military council), the effective government of Algiers by 1626 at the expense of the pashas, which began official acts with the phrase, "We, pasha and diwân of the invincible militia of Algiers". Could you rephrase it to make it clearer. I would also split it into two sentences. Y
• Introduce and link tai'fa. Y
• Renegades are mentioned in previous sections, so they should be introduced there. Y
• After the Ottoman sultan refused to compensate Algiers for its losses against the Venetians in Valona,... Some context? The sultan orders them to attack the Venetians, they suffer losses, etc. Y
• ...the pashalik became a military republic... There is a reference to the transformation into a republic in a previous section. The two statements should be harmonised. Y
• The aghas who ruled Algiers after 1659 were all assassinated,... Some context? Y
• Introduce Sir Edward Spragge. Y
• I would introduce Agha Ali and present the main features of his rule before his assassination is mentioned. He is described as an autocrat although we were just informed that Algiers was a republic. Y
• ... a method Ali Bitchin Rais had used in 1644–45... This was not previously mentioned. Perhaps this could be moved into a footnote. Y
• ...they entrusted both the Regency and the responsibility for its payroll... I do not understand. We were not informed that the Regency and the responsibility for its payroll (whatever it means) had been separated before 1671. Y
• What does an "old Dutch rais" mean? Was he a rais in the Netherlands? Y
• ...ousted deys they did not like... If they did not like them, why did they elect them? Y
• Introduce Mediterranean passes. Y
• ...to help them secure lucrative cabotage trade... To whom? Y
• ...pursued their holy war... PoV statement. Perhaps, "continued to fight, regarding their conflicts as holy wars"? Y
• They amassed wealth from capturing slaves and goods while taking advantage of their strong fleet, maritime European weakness and Ottoman incapacity to force the regencies to respect the Ottoman capitulations. I do not understand. Y
• ...the treaties mostly concerned the Bastion de France... We were informed in a previous section that it was destroyed. The article should mention that it was rebuilt. Y
• Why did France defend Corsica? Y
• ...relations with Algiers... Whose? Y
• ...its ambitions in the Constantine region... Whose? Y
• Introduce Murad II Bey. Y
• The Muradid dynasty is not introduced as Tunis's ruling house. Y
• Introduce the Alawi Sultanate as a state in Morocco. Y
• ...ancient ambitions... Ancient? Y Borsoka (talk) 04:16, 4 December 2024 (UTC)
• lJanissary-elected deys obtained the right from the Ottoman sultan to be appointed as pashas, gaining more legitimacy. Simplify the sentence. Y
• The pashas plotted in secret, created conflicts and instigated sedition to overthrow the unpopular deys and regain some of their lost authority. In the first sentence of the previous section we were informed that the deys were appointed pashas. Y
• A link and introduction to sequins? Y
• ...private salary... Private? Y
• ...neighbors under his rule... Neighbors or subjects/vassals?
• Introduce Barceló.
• ...holy war between Algeria and Spain PoV Y
• At the beginning of the 19th century, Algiers was plagued by political unrest and economic problems.[263] A series of crises rocked Algiers in the early 19th century, ... Repetitions. Y
• Algerian reliance on Jewish merchants to trade with Europe was so great that a crisis caused by crop failure led to the assassination of Dey Mustapha Pasha and the death of Jewish merchant Naphtali Busnash. I do not understand the sentence. What is the connection between the Jewish merchants' role in trading and a crop failure? Did Busnash die of natural reasons or was he assassinated? I think the sentence could be splitted into two: one about the Jewish merchants, and a second about the famine. Y
• Delink Sufi. Y
• Introduce Lord Exmouth. Y Borsoka (talk) 03:45, 5 December 2024 (UTC)
• The administrative division of Ottoman Algeria organized itself through borrowed Ottoman systems, maintained by regular recruitment of military personnel from Ottoman lands in exchange for tribute sent to the Sublime Porte and local traditions inherited from the Almohad Caliphate that were adopted by the Marinids, Zayyanids, and Hafsids. Rephrase and split. Y
• ...waged holy war... PoV Y
• The corsairs waged holy war against the Christians through gunpowder and the resources of the Ottoman Empire and exploited their political and military superiority to defeat weak local emirates and impose a foreign elite on a divided Maghrebi society. Split. Y
• ...they reflected the Ottoman ruling class... Reflected? Y
• Split the third paragraph into at least three sentences. Y
• Introduce Marquis d'Argens. Y
• Consider follow chronology when scholarly PoVs of Algiers are mentioned in section "Stratocracy". Y Borsoka (talk) 08:29, 6 December 2024 (UTC)
• Often also translated as vizier of the dey, or "principal secretary of state". A citation is missing. Y
• Commander-in-chief of the Odjak and minister of internal affairs, he was also responsible for governing the Dar Es-Soltane region of Algiers A citation is missing. Delete "of Algiers". Y
• he was the Kapudan rais or head of the tai'fa of rais. He was also responsible for matters relating to weapons, ammunition and fortifications. A citation is missing. Y
• ..."democracy by seniority"... Who said this? Y
• ...he was the ruler of the Regency... Perhaps "actual ruler"? Y
• The agha was the holder of the Fundamental pact ('Ahad aman) of 1748 I do not understand. The Fundamental pact is not mentioned in the History section. Y
  • Already introduced in the "Strengthened authority" subsection (Deys-pashas section)

• • Sorry, my bad. Borsoka (talk) 01:25, 10 December 2024 (UTC)

• Introduce Khodja. Y
  • Already did in "Dey of Algiers" section.
• ... (vassals) I would delete. Y
• Why "Slave ransom" instead of "Slave trade"? Y
• ...through which passed between 25,000 and 36,000 slaves of many nationalities... Yearly? Timeframe? Y
• I understand there were four groups of captives, because the section's last sentence distinguishes slaves with special skills. Y
• Who bought the slaves? Were they sold at a local market or were exported to the Ottoman Empire or other parts of the world? Y

• Sorry, I do not find it. Borsoka (talk) 01:25, 10 December 2024 (UTC)

• • It's located in the Slave trade section

Where they were sold: "According to Wolf at least 400,000 slaves were brought to the slave market in the city of Algiers known as Bedestan". Who bought the slaves:"The pasha took his share of the "best merchandise" first. The next day after midday prayer the rest of the slaves were led one by one near the docks, where a guardian would give the crowd an account of their worth before they were sold to the highest bidders. These were usually wealthy corsair captains, merchants and members of the Jewish community."

• ..., predominantly by sea Delete. Y
• What is gun wood? Y
• Delink quintal when mentioned for the second time. Y
• Agricultural production eventually overtook privateering as a source of Regency revenue. When? Y
• Introduce azl system. Y
• Introduce Metja as a region. Y
• Introduce melk. Y
• Introduce Gaid. Y
• Manufacturing was restricted to shipyards....Manufacturing was restricted to shipyards... Contradiction. Y Borsoka (talk) 03:55, 8 December 2024 (UTC)
• ...; a class of Kouloughlis emerged as offspring of Turkish soldiers and Algerian women Repetition of information mentioned in a previous section. If Kouloughlis are included in the number of Turks mentioned in the sentence's first part delete it, if not, rephrase to make this clear and add a number. Y
• Chronology in section "Urban population" is not consequent: a data from 1808 is followed by 18th-century data. Y
• By the late 19th century that number had dropped to about 2,000 and was only around 200 in 1830. Which number? (Two categories are mentioned in the previous sentence.) Y
• About 1,000 black slaves... When? Y
• Introduce the Moors. Y
• Moors could hold legal and police powers within Algiers as mayors. What does this sentence want to say? Others could not hold legal and police powers? Moors could only hold legal and police powers as mayors? Y
• The tribe was a primary social and political structure based upon family. Also among slaves and Jews, for instance? Y
• The traditional isolation of the city from the hinterland ceased, ending the traditional divide between urban and rural areas of the central Maghreb. Some context? To what period does the sentence refer. What does isolation mean? Y
• Introduce Aures. Y
• The state was sometimes necessary for the consolidation of the tribes; their relationships were complementary at times. I am not sure I understand. Y
• ...they still depended... Who? Y
• The author Al-Zahar was a member of this nobility. Y
• The oases were a principality, a comedy princedoms,... I do not understand. YBorsoka (talk) 01:44, 10 December 2024 (UTC)
• ..., especially in rural areas I am not sure what is the relevant context for this statement: Education mainly took place in small primary schools or religion? Y
• Introduce waqf. Y
• ... is believed to have been built... By whom? Y
• Introduce Golvin. Y
• ..."the center of pirate activity – that captured the imagination of Europe as a fearsome and vicious enemy" Who said this? Y
• Introduce Wolf, Saidouni, Boaziz. Y Borsoka (talk) 01:46, 14 December 2024 (UTC)

Image review

• I think there are too many images in the article. I would delete at least 15-20% of them. Y
• File:Arolsen Klebeband 01 465 4.jpg: US PD tag is missing; a direct link to the source is needed. Y
• File:Arolsen Klebeband 01 467 1.jpg: US PD tag is missing; a direct link to the source is needed. Y
• File:Barbarijse galeien Barbarijsche Galeijen (titel op object), RP-P-1896-A-19368-451.jpg: I am not sure the PD tag is valid. Y
• File:1559 Ottoman Empire (cropped).jpg: US PD tag is missing; I am not sure this map (with Arabic text) is useful for readers of English WP. Y
• File:La cite le port et le mole d Alger.jpg: US PD tag is missing. Y
• File:Maure Alger et Espagne.jpg: I am not sure the PD tag is valid. Y
• File:Bombardementd alger-1830.jpg: US PD tag is missing. Y
• File:Djenina Palace (Algiers)~3.jpg: a source and US PD tag are missing. Y
• File:Dey Hussein Pacha.jpg: a source is missing. Rm
• File:Ottoman Algeria.png: a source is missing. Y
• File:4 - Esclave français à Alger n39 Tome I Esquer.jpg: a source is missing. Rm
• File:Purchase of Christian captives from the Barbary States.jpg: US PD tag is missing. Y
• File:Marche aux esclaves d alger gravure.jpg: US PD tag is missing. Y
• File:Kabyle Shepherd, by Eugène Fromentin.JPG: US PD tag is missing. Y
• File:Bensari2.jpg: I am not sure that the PD tag is valid. The one who posted this painting is the son of the deceased painter
• File:Levni mehter.jpg: US PD tag is needed. Rm
• File:1829 Lapie Map of the Eastern Mediterranean, Morocco, and the Barbary Coast - Geographicus - Barbarie-lapie-1829.jpg: US PD tag is neeed. Y Borsoka (talk) 02:14, 14 December 2024 (UTC)

Source review

• Abitbol (2004): location and publisher are missing. Y
• Al-Jilali (1994): ISBN is missing. Y
• Why do you regard Barrie (1987), Maameri (2008) reliable sources? Y
• Ben Namaani, Sid Ahmed (2017): ISSN is missing. Y
• Boyer (1973): ISSN is missing. Y
• Chenntouf (1999): ISBN is missing. Rm
• Why do you think Dan (1649), De Grammont (1887 and 1879-85), De Haedo (1881), De Tassy (1725), Galibert (1843), Garrot (1910), Gorguos (1857), Ibn Bekir (1860), Mercier (1888 and 1903), Plantet (1889 and 1894), Rouard (1906), Shaler (1826), Stevens (1797) are reliable sources? Y
• Friedman (1980): ISSN is missing. Y
• Gaïd (1978): ISBN is missing. Y
• Golvin (1985): ISSN is missing. Y
• Hoexter (1983): ISSN is missing. Y
• Holsinger (1980): ISSN is missing. Y
• Ibn Zahhar (1974): ISBN is missing. Y
• Ladjal, Bensaid (2014): ISSN is missing. Rm
• La'raj (1990): ISBN is missing. Y
• Nyrop (1972): ISBN is missing. Y
• Saidouni (2009): ISBN is missing. Y
• Rinehart (1985): ISBN is missing. Y
• Vatin (1982): ISSN is missing. Y
• Vatin (2012): ISSN is missing. Y Borsoka (talk) 02:37, 14 December 2024 (UTC)

De Grammont (1887 and 1879-85): Probably the most important and most widely used 19th century source in all secondary sources i looked upon regarding the Regency history. Merouche (2007, pp 13) says that de grammont's reaserches were solid. He was the president of the Algerian historical society (Société historique Algérienne) that would edit the African review which Merouche qualified as a "Historiographical treasure", De grammont's book used in this article "Histoire d'Alger sous la domination turque" had a turkish and then an arabic translation themed "The Ottoman Turks in North Africa"[2] by Aziz Sameh Ilter who added more content using Turkish and Arabic sources and official Ottoman documents. Wolf (pp 346)[3] admired his work but, like Merouche and Saidouni did, he criticized his interpretation of the Algerian foreign policy and internal politics that were according to him centered on Janissary-corsair rivalry. Saidouni adds that de grammont was mainly focused on Algerian external relations and his account of internal affairs are biased (pp 32 - 35).[4]

Garrot (1910): Focused on French involvement in North Africa according Wolf (pp 346)[5], this book had a couple of details that I answered your questions with.

De Haedo (1881), Dan (1649) and De Tassy (1725): Mentionned by Wolf pp 341:[6] These are the three main primary sources about Algiers written in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. I only used these sources for quotations about their descriptions of the Algerian political system supported by secondary sources (Julien and Saybold). These sources are found in almost all secondary sources dealing with the regency specifically.

Mercier (1888 and 1903): Described by Wolf(pp 346)[7] as a "mine of facts" and valuable for checking details, much like Garrot. I also found Mercier used a couple of times in secondary sources like Saidouni, Wolf, Merouche, Julien and Kaddache.

Plantet (1889 and 1894), Rouard (1906): The first two books contain official correspondences between the deys and French officials including kings and ministers. The third contain all traties concluded between Algiers and France from 1619 to 1830. They were translated into arabic [8] [9].

Shaler (1826): He was an American consul in Algiers in its last years before French occupation. I used him as a note because I found his discription of the Algerian political system very noteworthy and compatible with many secondary sources. Merouche used his accounts of Algerian maritime spoils (Merouche 2007, pp 302, 318, 321, 322)

Gorguos (1857), Ibn Bekir (1860): Works made by the aforementioned African review, Ibn Bekir contains the 1748 French translation of the Fundamental pact or ahad aman that Hamdan Khodja and Merouche spoke of (found in Divan of Algiers subsection), Gurguos was about the cultural material which Saidouni deemed reliable coming from 19th century French sources but still meager for the time because of the colonial bias and the disregard to Arab and Ottoman sources in the French works of that period.

Stevens (1797): Translated into Arabic by the historian Ali Tablit,[10] This books is about American accounts of the Regency of Algiers and its early relations with the U.S. I supported its two cites with secondary sources.

Maameri (2008): This is a PHD Thesis by Fatima maameri in the University of Constantine, Algeria. It gives an overview of the Algerian relations with Werstern powers of the time including the U.S. I haven't seen anything contentious in the two citations I added about this source. Both speak about the use of Mediterranean Passes and the concerns of the Algerian-European 17th century treaties (Trade, slaves and tributes). Both are widely supported by RS like Panzac which the former student used regularly in this case. I also fixed the link to this source.

Galibert (1843) and Barrie (1987): Removed Nourerrahmane (talk) 21:21, 15 December 2024 (UTC)

You addressed all my concerns, and I think the article meets all GA criteria, but I made too much edit during the review ([11]). Consequently, I have to seek a second opinion on passing or failing. Thank you for this interesting article. Borsoka (talk) 03:34, 18 December 2024 (UTC)

Thank you for your massive input and your comprehensive review. It made the article rich with solid scholarly material. Nourerrahmane (talk) 07:45, 18 December 2024 (UTC)

At the invitation of Nourerrahmane I will be the second reviewer. Constantine ✍ 11:54, 22 December 2024 (UTC)

RE:Copyedit request

• Barbarossa brother capitalisation (3 instances): Are there any English sources that have a consistent style of capitalising this? I'm expecting either Barbarossa Brothers or Barbarossa brothers. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  It's the "Barbarossa brothers" according to Spencer [12] Julien [13] Hess [14]. All of these sources are used in the article. Nourerrahmane (talk) 12:37, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

• The Spanish conquered the city of Oran and took it from the Zayyanids, as well as Béjaïa from the Hafsids in 1509, then Tripoli in 1510 [...]

  Links removed. Do we know who the Spanish took Tripoli from, or when they conquered Oran? It'd be nice to get some consistency between these these three cities. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  Tripoli was taken from the Hafsids in 1510. Oran fell to the Spanish in the same year as Bejaia in 1509. Nourerrahmane (talk) 12:41, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. I'll assume the years of conquest and other details are in the source. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

• Added to territorial ambitions and Catholic missionary fervor [...]

  I cannot figure out how this is related to what comes after the comma (which in turn might be well-served with some trimming). —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  These are two motives behind Spanish expansion in the Maghreb. A third one is Spanish economical aims. I think it's better to remove "also" after "Spanish economical aims". Nourerrahmane (talk) 12:46, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. Switched out Added to for In addition as well. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

• [...] which won him the allegiance of northern central Algeria.

  Does the centre of Algeria have a proper noun (i.e., Central Algeria, capitalised)? —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  Yes there is, it's called the Mitidja Nourerrahmane (talk) 12:48, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  See below. Mathglot (talk) 05:05, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

   Question: What Mathglot said was what I was wondering: do sources call the central part of Algeria Central Algeria as a proper noun? If they don't (assuming that the ngrams are accurate), I can say something along the lines of in the northern part of central Algeria. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

  In that case No, so i agree on adding the sentence you proposed. Nourerrahmane (talk) 14:04, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 03:38, 26 November 2024 (UTC)

• [...] while his absolute authority was backed by the scimitars of Turks and Christian renegade corsairs.

  Link removed. Is this part of the sentence supposed to be literary? Are scimitars actually important or just the people holding them? —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  No, I meant that the military power of the Turks and Christian renegade corsairs helped secure Aruj's political authority. Nourerrahmane (talk) 12:51, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. Removed that part. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

• [...] but the sultan recognized Hayreddin as pasha, a regent with the title of beylerbey (lit. 'Prince of princes') [...]

  Links and template removed. Is it Hayreddin or pasha that describes what comes after the comma? —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  Pasha (of Algiers). Nourerrahmane (talk) 12:54, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. Changed punctuation. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

• Algiers officially became an eyalet, or called a "regency" in European sources; Ottoman vassal state, state-province or "Imperial state", under Selim's successor Suleiman I, in the spring of 1521.

  Links removed and emphasis in original. There is a lot here that should be reduced to probably just being called an eyalet or regency. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  Had to add more explanation to what "Regency" means in the Ottoman Algerian context because the GA reviewer asked me to. Nourerrahmane (talk) 12:57, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Tentatively done. I put most of that text into parentheses so that there isn't as much emphasis on it. To be clear, the eyalet is referred to by all these terms in European sources, not just regency? —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

  No, Eyalet of Algiers is referred to as regency solely in European sources. Those names (State-province, Vassal state, Tributary state, Semi-independent province) were given by some historians to explain the status of Algiers within the Ottoman Empire. Nourerrahmane (talk) 13:34, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. Added attribution to generic "some historians". —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 03:38, 26 November 2024 (UTC)

• [...] the beylerbeys sent tribute to Constantinople every year, after meeting the expenses of the state [...]

  What does "meeting the expenses of the state" mean? Does that mean the beylerbeys pay what they owe? —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  It's about Government spending. Nourerrahmane (talk) 13:00, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Question: If I understand this correctly, the beylerbeys send tribute to Constantinople after satisfying their own territories? —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

  Exactly. This tribute was called Salyane in Ottoman terminology. (See Somel, pp 41 [15]) Nourerrahmane (talk) 13:22, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. I've gone and said that the beylerbeys paid off the Regency's expenses, but feel free to change Regency if it's specifically their own domains. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 03:38, 26 November 2024 (UTC)

• Hasan Agha submitted Kuku in the east in 1542 [...]

  Did you mean conquered or subjugated? —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  Subjugated. Nourerrahmane (talk) 13:01, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. Changed. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

• Algiers was the headquarters of probably the greatest janissary force in the empire outside Constantinople.

  Very subjective. Would remove this sentence because it doesn't match the tone of an encyclopedia. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  I was referring to the number of janissaries in Algiers by saying "greatest". Nourerrahmane (talk) 13:02, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. Changed to largest. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

• This succession method resulted in weakened authority.

  What succession method are we talking about? Nothing of the sort seems to be mentioned in the entire paragraph. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  Assassination of the four successive Algerian rulers (Aghas) during this period. Nourerrahmane (talk) 13:05, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. Shortened the sentence; it seems similar to how a dey was succeeded. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

• [...] but given the lack of candidates, they and the corsairs resorted to an expedient [...]

  Emphasis mine. What are you trying to say in this sentence? Do you mean plan or method? —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  Method. Nourerrahmane (talk) 13:06, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. I assumed that what followed was similar to what Ali Bitchin Rais did in the past, so I linked the sentences with a colon. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

• Algiers used privateering as a foreign policy tool to play its European counterparts against one other and hunt merchant ships, prompting European states to conclude peace treaties [...]

  Emphasis mine. The way the sentence is written makes me think conclude is supposed to mean finalise. Does that sound correct? —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  More like, signing a peace treaty. Nourerrahmane (talk) 13:29, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. Switched to sign. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

• [...] despite still being a "nest of Pirates" [...]

  Is the quoted stuff capitalised like that in the source? —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  It's quoted from the next ref, but with this ref it's written : "Certain it is, that the African States were [considered pirates] many years ago, but they have long acquired the character of established governments, with whom with whom we have regular treaties, acknowledging and confirming to them the relations of legal states...." Nourerrahmane (talk) 13:37, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Tentatively done. Made Pirates lowercase, but feel free to change that back if that's how it's written in the source. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

  It's fine in this current form. Nourerrahmane (talk) 14:11, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 03:38, 26 November 2024 (UTC)

• It also had ancient ambitions in western Algeria and especially in Tlemcen.

  What do you mean by "ancient ambitions"? —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  Expansionism per the arab source. Nourerrahmane (talk) 13:41, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. Made it clear the sultanate wanted to expand. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

• When the Austrian Habsburg monarchy concluded the Peace of Passarowitz with the Ottoman Empire in 1718 [...]

  Emphasis mine. Is this supposed to also mean finalise? —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  In this case yes. Nourerrahmane (talk) 13:41, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. Changed to sign as well. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

• Even though they reflected the Ottoman ruling class, the Turkish administrators still referred to themselves as Algerians.

  Not sure how this sentence fits with everything else about the Odjak. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  The Odjak is the Ottoman Algerian military ruling class in the Regency. They are administrators of Ottoman background and character and have Algerian political affiliation. Nourerrahmane (talk) 13:45, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. Linked the sentences together. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

• French historian Charles-André Julien wrote that the dey of Algiers was head of an elective but absolute monarchy.

  Links removed. How is a monarchy both elective but absolute? —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  Julien explains this by indicating that the dey's authority was limited only in theory by the diwan, since the dey nominated five ministers who were in charge of state affairs. Nourerrahmane (talk) 14:10, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. Changed the punctuation to link the ideas more. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

• However, his power was limited by the corso captains [...]

  Emphasis mine. Does corso translate directly into corsair? —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  Privateering. Nourerrahmane (talk) 14:10, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Tentatively done. Going to put privateering captains for now and see how that looks. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. Looks fine to me. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 02:59, 28 November 2024 (UTC)

• [...] and although he could still receive gifts from consuls, beys and shares of privateer booty [...]

  Emphasis mine. The first two elements in the list are people while the third isn't; to be consistent it should also be a group of people the dey can receive gifts from. Perhaps privateers or pirates? —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  Exactly. Although he received his share and not gifts from the corsairs. Nourerrahmane (talk) 14:17, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. Swapped the words around to preserve shares and gifts from the appropriate sources. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

• [...] he would serve among 24 janissary bulukbasis (senior officers), who voted on high policy.

  May need to link this or describe in further detail because I have no idea how it differs from standard "policy". —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  It's regarding to this. Nourerrahmane (talk) 14:21, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Tentatively done. I linked it; I might change policy to politics during my final copyedit. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. I changed it to politics. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 02:59, 28 November 2024 (UTC)

• However, starting from the Agha period, the Grand Diwan was reunited only for peace and war decisions [...]

  It sounds like decisions is being modified by "peace and war". Do I have that correct? —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  Yes. Nourerrahmane (talk) 14:22, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Tentatively done. I think the point being made here is that they make wartime decisions and not decisions made during peacetime. I removed peace from the texxt for the time being. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

  Agreed. Nourerrahmane (talk) 14:12, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. Did a bit more tweaking to give a more consistent flow in the sentence. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 03:38, 26 November 2024 (UTC)

• Each province was divided into [...]

  Emphasis mine. Should province be chiefdom? —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  It should be written like this: Under the beylik system, the beys divided their beyliks into into outan. Nourerrahmane (talk) 14:29, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. I removed chiefdom. I feel like the following sentence talking about caïds describes how the system works adequately. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

• However, in the 17th century redemptionist missions [...]

  Emphasis mine. Did you mean Redemptorists? —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  They were called "Redemptors" according to Julien, they were Catholic orders charged with buying the freedom of Chrisitan slaves. Nourerrahmane (talk) 20:40, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. Leaving as is. I took a look at what appeared to be a relevant source and they use the word redemptionist. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

• Block quote in §Trade§§External trade: The is in parentheses appears to have been added in, which implies that the beginning of the quote was cut off with the first word not being capitalised. Is that correct? —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  Exactly. Nourerrahmane (talk) 20:46, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. Added an ellipsis in editorial marks to show that the first word is intended to be in lowercase. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

• Melk: This is only mentioned once in the article and it isn't defined. Could you please define what that is. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  Melk lands were lands that belonged to the tribes and were under berber customary law. The family within a tribe could inheirit these lands which were not really geographically defined. The family could also loan these lands for usufruct for a defined period of time. Nourerrahmane (talk) 20:54, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. Swapped and edited some words. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

• Guilds regulated most trade, and like city neighborhoods headed by amins hedged against emergencies, and strengthened community solidarity.

  Link removed and emphasis mine. I'm assuming that guilds are being compared to what I've bolded. What do you mean by hedged against emergencies? —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  Guilds were social and especially economical organisation within a city which allowed their members and city dwellers in general to engage more effectively in trade, social life and react with good coordination against unexpected events, furthering group solidarity within cities. Amins headed guilds within city neighborhoods. Nourerrahmane (talk) 20:37, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Partly done. Turned the phrase about amins into a parenthetical element. I still don't understand what you mean by "hedged against emergencies". I'm looking at the Wiktionary page on hedge, particularly on when it's used as a verb. Definitions 3 (To offset the risk associated with and 6 To reduce one's exposure to risk) seem to be the most relevant. I think we can get away with responded to emergencies, but that's a general response to emergencies compared to what "hedged" is supposed to convey. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

  "To reduce one's exposure to risk" seems more relevant, guilds were necessary in wars because Algiers was often bombarded by enemy warships and hit by plagues and earthquakes. In a way they formed a Home front in times of war.Nourerrahmane (talk) 14:50, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. I opted to use responded to emergencies as the sense I'm getting is that they didn't plan for when crises happen, but they acted immediately when an emergency arose. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 03:38, 26 November 2024 (UTC)

• Although they depended on tribal society, cities distanced the population from tribes, which adapted but did not disappear.

  Please explain what you mean when you say cities distanced the population from tribes. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  It means that cities weakened the political power and influance of the tribes and made them adapt to the urban lifestyle and organisation by making them more individualist in nature. This helped strengthen ties between cities and tribes and between the state and tribes. I think this should be added in the body. Nourerrahmane (talk) 20:22, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. I've changed it so that the cities had a more precisely-described effect on tribes. I will abstain from stating that this led to strengthened ties between the tribes, cities, and state, as I'm not sure if that treads into original research. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

• [...] from expanding their military into the Maghreb hampered the development of learning, so they pushed intellectual culture to the margins [...]

  What does "pushing something to the margins" mean? Make it less of a priority? —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  Yes. Nourerrahmane (talk) 20:07, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. Reworded. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

• After the Ottomans arrived, architectural ceramic tiles replaced zellij tiles decorated with stars and polygons used in geometric patterns in the medieval Maghreb. Square decorative ceramic tiles were widespread in Algiers and Constantine, with simpler examples in Tlemcen. In the Turkish era tiles were characterized by...motifs in Islamic art such as epigraphic, geometric, and floral motifs."

  Links removed. There is only a closing quotation mark. Where is the opening quotation mark supposed to go? —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  Starting from "In the Turkish era tiles ..." preceded by something like : According to Dr. Abdulaziz Al-Araj (ref) Nourerrahmane (talk) 20:06, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. Added mark and attribution. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

• [...] the "twenty-four hour fort" [...]

  Do we have a year for when this was built? —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  1568 - 1569 Nourerrahmane (talk) 15:11, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. Added year range under the assumption that it isn't clear in the sources which year the fort was completed. If there is, feel free to change it. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

• A citadel, the qasba [...]

  Emphasis in original. There was only one qasba, yes? —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

  Yes Nourerrahmane (talk) 15:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

   Partly done. I just realised that earlier in the paragraph that it stated the "star fort" built above the qasba [...] (emphasis in original). Was the "star fort" considered to be part of the qasba? If so, we can still say that the qasba was the highest point of the city; otherwise, the wording will need to be changed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tenryuu (talk • contribs)

  It's not, the star fort was built outside the city in a landward side which was higher than the city itself (Algiers looked more like an Amphitheatre that went down until it reached the port) Nourerrahmane (talk) 14:36, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

   Done. Tweaked the wording and put content on the qasba in its own paragraph, away from the forts. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 03:38, 26 November 2024 (UTC)

@Nourerrahmane: Looking forward to your responses. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 07:12, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

Hi @Tenryuu, thank you for these precise observations and suggestions. Here are my answers. Nourerrahmane (talk) 20:57, 24 November 2024 (UTC)

@Nourerrahmane: Thanks for your answers. I've gone through a first pass and resolved most of my questions. If you could answer the remainder that'd be wonderful. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 05:53, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

@Tenryuu Done, thanks. Nourerrahmane (talk) 14:46, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

@Nourerrahmane: Thanks for the last few answers. I'm going to let the article sit for another day before I do my final pass. There isn't much I'm going to ask of you, except maybe take a look at this item (even though I marked it as done) where I decided to say the beylerbeys paid off the Regency's expenses before sending tribute. If it was supposed to mean their own domains, let me know with the correct terminology. —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 03:38, 26 November 2024 (UTC)

Yes, they paid off the expenses of the Regency as a whole, as they had monopoly on finances there especially that they were corsairs themselves. Nourerrahmane (talk) 22:58, 26 November 2024 (UTC)

For my part, it is the notion of tributary that would be controversial. There is no trace of tribute paid by the regency to the Ottoman Empire, the authors even indicate the opposite like this quote from Mérouche. The same goes for the notion province/Empire, the Ottoman province paying tribute, the regency is rather an Empire State.

L’autonomie des provinces est un fait structurel dans l’empire ottoman. Ce vaste empire qui s’étendait sur trois continents était un ensemble hétérogène de pays conquis ou rattachés sous différentes formes à un système de gouvernement d’une grande souplesse. Les statuts des parties de l’empire vont de la province, qui paie un tribut annuel, aux États d’empire avec lesquels on se contente d’une allégeance formelle et de l’envoi de présents à certaines occasions bien définies. Sauf exceptions liées à la structure du pays ou à la proximité du centre, chaque pacha-beylerbey était « roi dans son royaume » qu’il gérait, avec l’assistance d’un Divan, en respectant les coutumes locales et les structures traditionnelles des pouvoirs locaux dépendant de son autorité. Dans ce cadre, Alger s’affirmait en tant qu’État d’empire, c’est-à-dire une entité politique ayant tous les attributs de l’État au sens d’alors, mais qui par ailleurs constituait une partie intégrante de l’empire ottoman.. in Recherches sur l'Algérie à l'époque ottomane. II. La course, mythes et réalités. Monsieur Patillo (talk) 13:38, 30 November 2024 (UTC)

Source states: "aux États d’empire avec lesquels on se contente d’une allégeance formelle et de l’envoi de présents à certaines occasions bien définies", that's pretty much what tributary states are. It doesn't have to be annual as long as the tribute is understood as a token of submission. Something Algiers did like Hmadan Khodja stated [16]. This source describes clearly the tributary status of Algiers [17] at least in its Beglerbeglik period, or this one which states it explicitly [18]. The fact that Algiers was an "Imperial state" according to Merouche doesn't contradict its tributary status, since Merouch's use of the term "Tribute" in this context should be understood as a regular tax, which in the ottoman context we refer to as timar. Tribute like the article exlpains corresponds more adequately to what Merouche calls "Presents sent in certain occasions". Nourerrahmane (talk) 22:09, 30 November 2024 (UTC)

Algiers wasn't a regency because it wasn't a province, it was, no matter how autonomous it got. It was a regency because it was also a state and not like other regular provinces since it had local Ottoman military elites with a strong territorial and autonomous identity and operated through a well established political, administrative and financial system. The regent is both a head of state and a governor (representative of the sultan). In this context, it didn't pay taxe but tributes, like any state subordinate to a stronger state would normally do. Nourerrahmane (talk) 23:01, 30 November 2024 (UTC)

@Nourerrahmane: Thanks for being patient! I've gone through the article one last time and it should be in good shape. Good luck with the GA nomination! —Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 02:59, 28 November 2024 (UTC)

Thank you very much ! Nourerrahmane (talk) 10:00, 28 November 2024 (UTC)

@Nourerrahmane We must not confuse the notion of present and tribute. For tribute, th contribution (amount, nature) is imposed from one state to another and is not a spontaneous gift. (if the sovereign demands 50,000 gold coins you cannot offer him feathers or watches as a “gift”). [19]

• Merouche clearly distinguishes between the province and the situation of the regency which does not give this annual tribute.
• Hmadan Khodja is a primary source and he does not talk about tribute but about the present le Présent qui fut adréssé à la porte
• Selcuk Aksin speaks of an autonomous province and that tinmar was not applied. I don't see any mention of tribute (and justifying one [province] by a tributary situation)
• You cannot interpret the formal contribution as a tribute, and even less a tinmar which is refuted by your own source (Selcuk Askin) in addition to this one by Sid Ahmed Reffas [20] : Les neufs Eyalets salyane à majorité musulmane de l’Etat ottoman (2), en l’occurrence « L’Egypte, Baghdad, Basra, le Habesh, le Yemen, el Ahsa, les Odjaks occidentaux, Alger, Tunis, Tripoli » (De Groot, 1995 : 1029) constituent «les provinces dont les revenus n’étaient pas distribué en Timar»
• I would end up with this source. Abla Gheziel [21] citing a document at the end of the French conquest, Comment peut-il être question de vassalité alors qu’Alger ne paye pas de tribut et ne reconnait pas à l’Empire le droit de lui donner des ordres. Les seuls liens établis relèvent de ceux de la religion then comparing to Ragusa. ) La Régence avait un statut privilégié auprès de la Sublime Porte par rapport à certaines provinces ottomanes, comme par exemple la République de Raguse, province turque qui, bien qu’elle bénéficiât d’une indépendance, devait s’acquitter de son tribut annuel envers le Grand Sérail et aussi envers la Régence.

The conclusion is that the notion of tributary province is sufficiently controversial and contradicted to put it in the first sentence. Monsieur Patillo (talk) 11:23, 1 December 2024 (UTC)

Changed to nominal vassal state in this case for the time being since some sources used in this article attribute this status to Algiers. Nourerrahmane (talk) 14:01, 2 December 2024 (UTC)

thank you I agree with the modification Monsieur Patillo (talk) 11:33, 3 December 2024 (UTC)

Alternative names

A number of alternative names of the regency are given in explanatory footnote b. This footnote has 286 words (the size of a decent lead) and is itself well sourced, with nine citations. I wonder if we should move it to its own article section, to be called "Names", and shrink the explanatory note down to a sentence, on the order of: "In the historiography of the Regency of Algiers, it has been known by many names. See Names section." Thoughts? Mathglot (talk) 01:02, 28 November 2024 (UTC)

this note was copied from the French version. Since then it has been transformed into section in French article but not here. Monsieur Patillo (talk) 11:31, 1 December 2024 (UTC)

Ha, interesting; someone there had the same idea, then. Anyway, I've gone ahead and completed this. Mathglot (talk) 07:38, 2 December 2024 (UTC)

Maths

'In 1827, Hussein Dey demanded that the restored Kingdom of France pay off a 31-year-old debt dating from 1799' doesn't quite add up. If we're going to include both the dates and the age, either a correction or an explanation is needed. Cavrdg (talk) 10:13, 5 December 2024 (UTC)

Modified. Source says the debt was 30 years old dating from the 1790s. Thanks Nourerrahmane (talk) 11:52, 5 December 2024 (UTC)

Name change discussion at Djamaa el Djazaïr

Your opinion would be appreciated at Talk:Djamaa el Djazaïr#Article title. Mathglot (talk) 00:11, 7 December 2024 (UTC)

Where did users come from to land here, and where do they go afterward?

Cool tool: WikiNav shows you a graphic illustrating what articles users were on when they clicked a link to come to Regency of Algiers, and where they go next after clicking a link here. Try it: WikiNav: Regency of Algiers. Mathglot (talk) 07:06, 14 December 2024 (UTC)