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Tepe Sofalin

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Coordinates: 35°18′58″N 51°44′06″E / 35.31611°N 51.73500°E / 35.31611; 51.73500
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Tepe Sofalin
Tepe Sofalin is located in Iran
Tepe Sofalin
Shown within Iran
Alternative nameTappeh Sofalin
LocationTehran province, Iran
Coordinates35°18′58″N 51°44′06″E / 35.31611°N 51.73500°E / 35.31611; 51.73500
Typesettlement
History
FoundedLate 4th millennium BC
PeriodsLate Chalcolithic, Early Bronze Age, Iron Age III
Site notes
Excavation dates2006-2007, 2017
ArchaeologistsMorteza Hessari
ConditionRuined
OwnershipPublic
Public accessYes

Tepe Sofalin (also Tappeh Sofalin and Tape Sofalin) is an ancient Near Eastern archeological site on the Tehran Plain south of the Alborz Mountains on the north-central plateau of Iran about 10 kilometers east of the modern city of Varamin and 35 kilometers southeast of the modern city of Tehran. It lies in the Tehran province of Iran. Sofalin means pottery shards in Persian. It was occupied from the Late Chalcolithic period until the Early Bronze period, during the Proto-Elamite Period (also referred to as Susa III), and again in the Iron III period. The site of Tape Shoghali is adjacent and the site of Tepe Hissar is only a few kilometers away.

Archaeology

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Clay accounting tokens Susa

The site covers an area 500 meters long and 400 meters wide with a height of 10 meters above the plain, established on a natural hill. Some looter holes are present on the surface. Tepe Sofalin was examined during the Tehran Plain Survey in 2004. It was excavated in two seasons from 2006 to 2007 by a Morteza Hessari led team of the Archaeological Service of Islamic Azad University of Varamin-Pishva.[1][2][3] Among the finds were inscribed clay tokens, twelve mostly fragmentary Proto-Elamite tablets (one too poorly preserved to read), clay bullae, clay sealings, and blank tablets. Of the 11 readable tablets, one was found in Trench 2 and the rest in Trench 3. Numerous proto-literate clay tokens (spherical, conic, rectangular, triangular, biconvex, jugs and animorphic) were also found. Excavation work continued until 2011 though that work has been thinly published.[4][5]

Proto-Elamite tablet with transcription

In 2017 another season of excavation was conducted by the Iranian Center for Archaeological Research and the Freie Universität Berlin. Five trenches were opened and an earlier trench extended. Clay sealings and tokens were found. Five samples were submitted for radiocarbon dating (OxCal 4.3, IntCal 13). The radiocarbon dates ranged from 3500 to 2900 BC (Late Uruk to Proto-Elamite).[6] A thirteenth Proto-Elamite tablet was recently recovered, largely complete. It has been suggested that it uses a numerical system not previously seen in the Proto-Elamite script.[7][8] Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the residue in a Bevel Rim Bowl found beeswax.[9] Several jar burials (of children) and pit graves from the Proto-Elamite period have also been excavated and furnaces for the processing of silver uncovered.[10]

History

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Beveled rim bowl of the Uruk Period

Occupation began in the late 4th millennium BC (Late Chalcolithic) to early 3rd millennium BC (Early Bronze Age) periods then, after a period of abandonment occupation resumed until the Iron Age III period. In the early occupation ceramics and epigraphic remains from the Proto-Elamite period (equivalent to Susa III) were found as well as Beveled Rimmed Bowls of the Uruk period (equivalent to Susa II) type.[11][12]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Hessari, M., "First Preliminary Report on Excavations at Tape Sofalin, Pishwa", Unpublished Report (In Persian), Islamic Azad University Varamin-Pishwa Branch, 2006
  2. ^ Hessari, M., "Second Preliminary Report on Excavations at Tape Sofalin, Pishwa", Unpublished Report (In Persian), Islamic Azad University Varamin-Pishwa Branch, 2007
  3. ^ Hesari, M. and Akbari, H., "Gozâresh-e moghadamâti-e kavosh-e mohavateh bastani Sofalin, Pishva (Preliminary report on the excavations of the archaeological site of Sofalin, Pishva)", The 9th Annual Symposium on Iranian Archaeology, Archaeological reports 7, Research center for ICHHTO, Iranian center for archaeological research (ICAR), pp. 167-200, 2007
  4. ^ Hessari, M., "The fourth preliminary report of Excavation at Tepe Sofalin (in Farsi)", Iranian Cultural Heritage, Tourism and handicraft Organization of Tehran Province, Volume2 (Plates and Illustrations, pp. 455-460, 2010
  5. ^ [1] Dahl. J. M. Hessari, and R. Yousefi Zoshk, "The Proto-Elamite Tablets from Tape Sofalin", Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies 2 (1), pp. 57–73, 2012
  6. ^ [2],Hessari, Morteza, Reinhard Bernbeck, and Susan Pollock, "A Brief Report on New Radiocarbon Dates from Tappeh Sofalin, Pishva, Iran", Journal of Archaeological Studies 12.4, pp. 47–57, 2021
  7. ^ [3] Hessari, Morteza, and Rohollah Yousefi Zoshk, "A "New" Proto-Elamite Tablet with Unattested Numerical System from Tappeh Sofalin", pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran 13.37, pp. 149-159, 2023
  8. ^ Hessari, Morteza, "A New Lion-Human Stamp Seal Impression from Tappeh Sofalin, Central Iranian Plateau", Pearls, Politics and Pistachios, Essays in Anthropology and Memories on the Occasion of Susan Pollock's 65th Birthday, hrsg. v. Aydin Abar, 2021
  9. ^ Mayyas, A., et al., "Beeswax Preserved in a Late Chalcolithic Bevelled-Rim Bowl from the Tehran Plain, Iran", Iran, vol. 50, pp. 13–25, 2012
  10. ^ [4] Hessari, Morteza, and Sepideh Saeedi, "New Perspectives from the Proto-Elamite Horizon in the Center of the Iranian Plateau", The International Journal of Humanities, 24.4, pp. 33–42, 2017
  11. ^ [5] Hessari, Morteza, "New evidence of the emergence of complex societies discovered on the Central Iranian Plateau", Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies 1.2, pp. 35–48, 2011
  12. ^ Hesari, Morteza, "Iron age’s Burials in Central Iranian Plateau Case Study: Tepe Sofalin, Pishva, Tehran Province", pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran 7.15, pp. 101-116, 2018

Further reading

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  • [6] Emami, Mohammadamin, and Morteza Hessari, "Application of Scanning Electron and Atomic Force Mode Microscopy on inscription from Proto-Elamite period in Tappeh Sofalin", Journal of Research on Archaeometry 6.1, pp. 33–46, 2020
  • Hessari, Morteza, "A New Proto-Elamite Seal Impression from Tappeh Sofalin, Central Iranian Plateau", Übergangszeiten. Altorientalische Studien für Reinhard Dittmann anlässlich seines 65. Geburtstags, hrsg. v. Kai Kaniuth, Daniel Lau, Dirk Wicke (marru 1), pp. 131–136, 2018 ISBN 978-3-96327-002-4
  • Hesari, Morteza, "Explaning Some Animal Motifs of Proto-Elamite Seal Impressions from Tepe Sofalin, Pishva", Journal of Archaeological Studies 9.2, pp. 13–28, 2017
  • Hessari, M., and R. Yusefi Zoshk, "Emergence of Pre-Governmental Institution in the Central Plateau of Iran: Ruling Lords in the Proto-Elamite Period at Pishva’s Tepe Sofalin", Journal of Archaeological Studies 1.2, pp. 1–22, 2009
  • Hessari, Morteza, and Rouhollah Yosefi, "A Clay Bullae and Five Tablets From Tepe Sofalin, Rey Plain, Iran", Journal of Archaeology and Archaeometry 1.1, pp. 13–25, 2022
  • [7] Hessari, Morteza, Ruhollah Yousefi Zoshk, and Kamaleddin Niknami, "Animal Symbolism in Proto-Elamite Period: Serpent, Turtle and Feline in Tapeh Sofalin", The International Journal of Humanities 22, pp. 17–33, 2015
  • Hessari, Morteza, "Glyptic Art and Seal Function in Proto Elamite Period at Tepe Sofalin (in Farsi)", Iranian Center for Archaeological Research, Archaeological Reports 10, pp. 345–370, 2010
  • [8] Zoshk, Rouhollah Yousefi, Saeed Baghizadeh, and Donya Etemadifar, "The gender division of labour during the proto-Elamite period in late 4th millennium BCE Iran. A case study from Tepe Sofalin in Iranian Central Plateau", GENDER TRANSFORMATIONS, pp. 423–434, 2010 ISBN 978-90-8890-822-4
  • Yousefi, R., and M. Hessari, "The Numerical Tablets From Tepe Sofalin", Archaeological Congress, Islamic Azad University of Varamin-Pisheva, 2008
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