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Yunus Nadi Abalıoğlu

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Yunus Nadi Abalıoğlu
Born1879
Fethiye, Ottoman Empire
Died1945 (aged 65–66)
Turkey
NationalityTurkish
Alma materIstanbul University
OccupationJournalist
Known forFounding the newspaper Cumhuriyet

Yunus Nadi Abalıoğlu (1879 – 28 June 1945) was a renowned Turkish journalist and the founder of the newspaper Cumhuriyet. He was known for his support for Turkish nationalism and his sympathies with the Nazi regime, publishing many antisemitic propaganda articles in praise of Adolf Hitler.[1][2][3]

Early life

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Yunus Nadi was born to Hadji Halil Efendi and Ayse Hanim in Fethiye, modern-day Muğla Province.[4] He attended primary school in Fethiye, madrasa at Süleymaniye Madrasa in Rhodes, high school at Galatasaray High School in Istanbul, and university at İstanbul Law School, where he began writing for the literary magazine Malumat.[5][6]

During his time in law school, Yunus Nadi became involved in dissident activity against Sultan Abdul Hamid II. As a result, Yunus Nadi was arrested in 1902, in his second year. He spent three years in prison before being released on December 28, 1904. After his release, he was exiled to his hometown of Fethiye, where he worked as a lawyer. It was during this time that he married Nazime Hanım, the daughter of a local customs officer.[7]

Constitutional Period

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When the constitutional monarchy was declared, Yunus Nadi returned to Istanbul, where he worked for İkdam as a translator and Tasvîr-i Efkâr as a writer and editor. Eventually, he left his position at Tasvîr-i Efkâr to become editor-in-chief at Rumeli, a Thessaloniki publication.[5][7]

In 1912, Yunus Nadi was elected to represent Aydın in the Ottoman Chamber of Deputies, a position he held for six terms.[5][7]

Yunus Nadi was a strong supporter of the Committee of Union and Progress, which perpetrated the Armenian genocide. He wrote in support of the genocide in a 1916 article for Tasvîr-i Efkâr, describing the polycommunal solidarity of the Ottoman state as having been proven “bankrupt” and commending the “clean-up of the fatherland.”[8]

Turkish War of Independence

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See also: Occupation of Istanbul and Turkish War of Independence

After the dissolution of the Chamber of Deputies, Yunus Nadi founded his own newspaper, Yeni Gün (lit. 'New Day') in 1918. Yeni Gün, which acted as the mouthpiece for the Committee of Union and Progress and eventually the Government of the Grand National Assembly led by Mustafa Kemal, initially operated in Istanbul, but after facing censorship under the occupation, eventually moved to Ankara in 1920 and Kayseri during the Battle of Sakarya in 1921.[7][9]

Yunus Nadi also served in the Grand National Assembly as the deputy for İzmir and founded the Anadolu Agency in 1920 alongside writer Halide Edip.[7][10] The agency was backed by Mustafa Kemal, who provided initial support and personally reviewed several of the Agency’s articles before publication.[11] The Agency worked extensively with Yeni Gün to provide coverage during the Battle of Sakarya.[9]

Yunus Nadi’s writing during this time was characterized by its militant nationalism and antipathy toward the Istanbul Government. In 1921, he wrote that “if necessary, we will also cover Istanbul in blood from one end to the other,” and that those “miserable souls who wanted a sultan and a padishah” could “choke in their own blood.”[7]

After the Treaty of Lausanne was signed on July 24, 1923, Yunus Nadi became chairman of the committee tasked with writing the new constitution, and on October 29, 1923, on the day of the establishment of the Republic, he gave a speech before the Grand National Assembly discussing its articles.[7][12]

Republican Period

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With the establishment of the Republic, the new government sought ways to spread its propaganda in Istanbul. After a failed meeting between Mustafa Kemal and a group of Istanbul journalists, Kemal endorsed the creation of a new republican newspaper titled Cumhuriyet (lit. ‘The Republic’).[13] Yunus Nadi began working for the new paper in 1924, leaving his position at Yeni Gün.[7] Cumhuriyet served as the primary government mouthpiece for the Kemalist regime for over a decade, but lost government support after the death of Kemal in 1938.[1][14]

Yunus Nadi was known for his coverage of the Razgrad incident in 1933, in which the Turkish cemetery in Razgrad, Bulgaria was destroyed. The attacks were undertaken by Rodna Zashtita, a Bulgarian nationalist group targeting Turks and Jews in Bulgaria. Yunus Nadi wrote in favor of the government of Bulgarian prime minister Nikola Mushanov, expressing a hope for friendship and open dialogue.[15]

With the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany, Cumhuriyet’s coverage began to trend antisemitic, with Yunus Nadi writing several pieces in 1938 about an alleged Jewish boycott of the Tokhathyan Hotel in Istanbul. Yunus Nadi’s antisemitism earned him the nickname “Yunus Nazi,” as well as criticism from fellow journalists Ahmet Emin Yalman and Zekeriya Sertel. It has been alleged that Yunus Nadi was receiving financial remuneration from the Nazi Party and other foreign governments, though this has not been confirmed.[3]

Some have contested that Yunus Nadi held Nazi sympathies, however, claiming that his coverage was generally pro-nationalist but against totalitarianism and expansionism, citing editorials written by Yunus Nadi criticizing the German invasion of Norway and Hitler’s abrogtation of international law. Among the defenders of Cumhuriyet’s coverage was Yunus Nadi’s son, Nadir Nadi, who claimed that Cumhuriyet “maintaned a neutral position vis-à-vis the war.”[1]

Yunus Nadi died in a hospital in Geneva on June 28, 1945, where he was being treated for an illness.[5][16] He was buried in Edirnekapı Martyr's Cemetery and survived by his son Nadir Nadi, who continued to operate Cumhuriyet after his father’s death.[17][18]

Legacy

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Cumhuriyet has given out Yunus Nadi Awards, named in memory of Yunus Nadi, since 1946. Awards are given for short stories, memoirs, poetry, cartoons, novel research, short anecdotes, children's books, sociology, journalism, photography, and scientific works.[19]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Karakaya, Mustafa Serdar (2022). Fifth Columnists or Kemalist Columnists: A Case Study of Cumhuriyet and Tan Newspapers from 1939 to 1941 (Master’s thesis). Saint Petersburg State University. Retrieved 2024-08-31.
  2. ^ Vanderlippe, John M (2006). The politics of Turkish democracy: İsmet i̇nönü and the formation of the multi-party system, 1938-1950. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0791464366.
  3. ^ a b Cagaptay, Soner (2006). Islam, Secularism and Nationalism in Modern Turkey: Who is a Turk?. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415567763.
  4. ^ "Life devoted to writing for freedom: Yunus Nadi". Anadolu Agency. Ankara. 2020-05-04. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
  5. ^ a b c d "Yunus Nadi ABALIOĞLU (1879-1945)". Üsküdar Üniversitesi. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
  6. ^ "Yunus Nadi Abalıoğlu". Ahmet Yesevi Üniversitesi. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Eroğlu, Ferhat (2016). Yunus Nadi - hayatı ve eserleri (1879 - 1924) (Doctoral thesis). Ankara University. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
  8. ^ Vahakn N. Dadrian (1991). Documentation of the Armenian Genocide in Turkish Sources (Report). State University of New York at Genesco. p. 96. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
  9. ^ a b Aydın, Hakan (2013-11-19). "Sakarya Savaşı'nda Anadolu'da Yeni Gün". Journal of Selcuk Communication. 6 (2). doi:10.18094/si.36513. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
  10. ^ "History - History of Anadolu Agency From its Foundation to the Present". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
  11. ^ Bengi, Hilmi (2011-12-01). "Tarihsel Süreç Içinde Anadolu Ajansi'nin Özgün Kurumsal Yapisi (1920-2011)". Atatürk Yolu Dergisi: 303. doi:10.1501/Tite_0000000360. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
  12. ^ Dogan, Gazi (2016). The Establishment of Kemalist Autocracy and its Reform Policies in Turkey (PDF) (PhD thesis). Kansas State University. pp. 92–102. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
  13. ^ "Cumhuriyet Digital Archive". East View Information Services. Retrieved 2024-08-31.
  14. ^ "Biography of Atatürk". Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Retrieved 2024-08-31.
  15. ^ Ağca, Ümit; Şahin, Seyhun (2014-02-01). Türkiye-Bulgaristan ilişkileri çerçevesinde Razgrat Olayı ve Türk kamuoyuna yansımaları (Thesis). Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University. p. 108-132. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
  16. ^ Vural, Mithat Kadri (2011-06-01). "II. Dünya Savaşı Türkiyesi'nde Bir Muhalefet Örneği Olarak "Tan" Gazetesi". Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi: 363. Retrieved 2024-08-31.
  17. ^ "Cumhuriyet's founder Yunus Nadi remembered: 'His legacy is secure '". Cumhuriyet. 2024-06-28. Retrieved 2024-08-31.
  18. ^ "Nadir Nadi Abalıoğlu". Ahmet Yesevi Üniversitesi. Retrieved 2024-08-31.
  19. ^ Karadeniz, Berrin (2024-05-07). "Cumhuriyet'in 100. yılı...Yunus Nadi adına verilen ödüller, kültür yaşamında önemli bir yere sahip: Türkiye'nin Nobel'i". Cumhuriyet. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
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